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However, overexpression of Rb1 and Rb2 sharply decreased grain filling. A segregation ratio of green to purple was 151 observed in the F2 population from parents Minghui 63 and Xizang 2, which both had green leaf sheaths; these results demonstrate that dominant complementary interaction between OsC1 and Rb (Rb1 and Rb2) controls the purple leaf sheath. These findings systematically uncovered the genetic basis of leaf sheath color and provided alternative genes for breeding anthocyanin-rich rice.Local cancer invasion of tissue is a complex, multiscale process which plays an essential role in tumour progression. During the complex interaction between cancer cell population and the extracellular matrix (ECM), of key importance is the role played by both bulk two-scale dynamics of ECM fibres within collective movement of the tumour cells and the multiscale leading edge dynamics driven by proteolytic activity of the matrix-degrading enzymes (MDEs) that are secreted by the cancer cells. As these two multiscale subsystems share and contribute to the same tumour macro-dynamics, in this work we develop further the model introduced in Shuttleworth and Trucu (Bull Math Biol 812176-2219, 2019. https//doi.org/10.1007/s11538-019-00598-w) by exploring a new aspect of their interaction that occurs at the cell scale. Specifically, here we will focus on understanding the cell-scale cross talk between the micro-scale parts of these two multiscale subsystems which get to interact directly in the peritumoural region, with immediate consequences both for MDE micro-dynamics occurring at the leading edge of the tumour and for the cell-scale rearrangement of the naturally oriented ECM fibres in the peritumoural region, ultimately influencing the way tumour progresses in the surrounding tissue. To that end, we will propose a new modelling that captures the ECM fibres degradation not only at macro-scale in the bulk of the tumour but also explicitly in the micro-scale neighbourhood of the tumour interface as a consequence of the interactions with molecular fluxes of MDEs that exercise their spatial dynamics at the invasive edge of the tumour.Chronic right ventricular (RV) pacing has been associated with significant electrical and mechanical dyssynchrony leading to increased risk for recurrent heart failure hospitalizations and atrial arrhythmias. His bundle pacing (HBP) is an effective alternative to RV pacing as it is physiological and provides synchronized contraction of both ventricles. But there are limitations to HBP, which include lead stability, rise in threshold, early battery depletion and longer learning curve. Huang et al. recently reported a novel technique to directly capture the left bundle branch (LBB) by deep septal pacing. Subsequently, many studies have demonstrated the feasibility, safety and efficacy of left bundle branch pacing (LBBP). This has the potential to overcome the limitations of HBP and provide a safe technique to capture the conduction system in patients with distal His bundle and proximal bundle branch disease. The criteria for LBB capture and the methodology to perform LBBP are discussed in detail in this review. The Medtronic SelectSecure®3830 pacing lead is used along with a fixed-curve C315His® or a deflectable C304His® sheath. selleckchem LBBP provides safe and low threshold compared to HBP. Left bundle potential should be demonstrable in all patients except in those with infrahisian complete heart block (CHB) and complete left bundle branch block (LBBB), wherein antegrade activation of the left bundle will not occur. LBBP has the potential to be an effective alternative to biventricular pacing or HBP in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, LBBB and recurrent heart failure. Long-term safety and clinical outcomes compared to traditional pacing need to be carefully studied in randomized clinical trials.Chronic RV pacing may lead to pacing induced cardiomyopathy in some patients and results in a higher risk of development of LV systolic dysfunction, heart failure, mitral regurgitation and atrial fibrillation. His bundle pacing emerged as the most physiologic form of ventricular pacing. However, wide adoption of this technique in routine clinical practice is limited by higher capture thresholds at implant sometimes, lower R wave amplitudes, atrial over sensing and increased risk for late rise in pacing thresholds (resulting in the need for lead revisions). Some recent studies have focused on left bundle branch area pacing as a solution to these problems. In our study, we have compared left bundle branch area pacing (in 22 patients) with conventional right ventricular apical pacing (in 28 patients) who presented to us with conventional indications for pacemaker implantations in term of procedure and fluoroscopy time and short-term lead performance and left ventricular function. The results of our study showed that left bundle branch area pacing is associated with shortened QRS duration (22.36 ± 9.36 ms) and better LV function (higher left ventricular ejection fraction 64.00 ± 3.03 vs. 59.73 ± 6.73 with a p value of 0.013 and lower left ventricular diastolic internal diameter 4.58 ± 0.32 vs. 5.23 ± 0.40 cm with a p value of less then 0.001) in comparison to right ventricular apical pacing. The total procedure time and fluoroscopy time was similar (63.15 ± 7.02 vs. 55.15 ± 6.16 min, p value 0.142 and 6.08 ± 1.42 vs. 5.06 ± 1.30 min, p value 0.332 respectively) in left bundle branch area pacing group. The results of this study indicate that left bundle branch area pacing may be an option for physiological pacing in patients requiring a high percentage of ventricular pacing.The sudden increase in blood pressure by vascular dysfunction is associated with the development of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) categorized in clinical scenario (CS) 1. However, the relationship between vascular function and prognosis in ADHF patients with CS1 is unclear. 3239 consecutive ADHF patients between January 2012 and June 2018 were enrolled. ADHF patients with CS1 undergoing ankle brachial index/cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) were included and patients with peripheral artery disease were excluded. Finally, 113 patients were analyzed. The primary endpoint of the present study was composite endpoint at 1 year (the cardiac death or re-hospitalization by ADHF). Cox proportional hazard analysis was conducted to identify independent predictors of composite endpoint. 25 patients (22.1%) were developed composite endpoint. CAVI in patients who have composite endpoint were significantly higher than without non-composite endpoint (composite endpoint group 9.9 ± 1.3 non-composite endpoint group 8.
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