Notes

Photo three-dimensional absorption imaging of minute individuals.
With the increase in temperature and time, the distance between the points increased and the casts obtained were bigger.

Irreversible hydrocolloids should be poured immediately for optimum dimensional stability.
Irreversible hydrocolloids should be poured immediately for optimum dimensional stability.
Maternal mortality ratio is an important figure reflecting the strength of a healthcare system. Traditionally the causes of maternal death are described by the three-delay model. This study was conducted to evaluate the causes and determinants of maternal mortality at a secondary level hospital in a rural area of northern Pakistan over a period of 5 years (2013-17).

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018 on hospital data for the previous 5 years (2013-17) regarding mortality in the Gynaecology department of District Headquarter hospital, Timergara. Cases of maternal death were identified and secondary data was retrieved from the hospital records and patient case sheets.

Forty-seven cases of maternal death were identified over a period of 5 years and the average maternal mortality ratio calculated to be 110/100,000 live births. Haemorrhage was the commonest cause (36%) followed by uterine rupture (34%) and hypertensive disorders (21%). Most of the cases seen were in uneducated women belonging to the poor socioeconomic stratum (85%) aged 20 to 35 years (55%). 51% of the women were multigravidae coming from within a distance of 25-50 km from the hospital (53%) Majority of the dying mothers (57%) had no antenatal care and were seen arriving at the hospital in the evening shifts (48%).

Causes and determinants of maternal death are complex and inter sectorial. Poverty, lack of education, antenatal care, family spacing and prompt access to emergency care contribute to maternal death.
Causes and determinants of maternal death are complex and inter sectorial. Poverty, lack of education, antenatal care, family spacing and prompt access to emergency care contribute to maternal death.
Limb length discrepancy (LLD) is one of the most common complications of primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) causing patients dissatisfaction. In this study we determined the mean of preoperative limb length discrepancy (LLD), postoperative LLD after THA and their difference. Previously very little literature is available on this topic in Pakistan, so the results of my study will be a useful addition in the existing as well as local literature. Also, on the basis of these results, need of some preoperative planning and executing the plan in the operating room to eliminate LLD can be recommended.

It is a descriptive case series study (Clinical Practice Article) conducted on 44 patients undergoing primary Total Hip arthroplasty (THA) at orthopaedics department Madinah Teaching Hospital Faisalabad from Sep 2018 to Sept 2019. Patients having age between 18-70 years including both genders were studied with non-probability, consecutive sampling.

In our study mean of pre-operative LLD is -19.02 with standard deviation of 21.31 and mean of post-operative LLD is 7.25 mm with standard deviation of 9.46. This study tells that 91% of patients undergoing primary THA without using any method to eliminate LLD have postoperative LLD but 88.6% of patients (39 patients out of 44) have postoperative LLD in the range of 0 to ±10 mm which is not much significant. But 11.4% of patients (5 patients out of 44) have postoperative LLD >10 mm which causes functional impairment.

We can say that in most of the patients postoperative LLD after primary THA is very minimal and within acceptable range in experienced hands but a few patients can have a significant LLD in order to gain better joint stability which can be compensated by shoe wears.
We can say that in most of the patients postoperative LLD after primary THA is very minimal and within acceptable range in experienced hands but a few patients can have a significant LLD in order to gain better joint stability which can be compensated by shoe wears.
During COVID-19 pandemic, to forestall the outspread of contagion, all academic activities where physical presence was mandatory were halted. This prompted the shifting of educational activities to the online learning system. Current investigation aimed to determine the perception of undergraduate students of various disciplines about online learning which has been implemented across all the universities of Pakistan in the wake of COVID-19 lockdown.

A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted and data was collected from ten different medical, engineering and art universities of Pakistan. Utilizing Openepi, the calculated data sample size was 600. Students were asked 23 different questions including a validated and reliable scale (α=0.952) composed of 14 questions to determine the satisfaction level of students from e-learning. Descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, ANOVA and chi-square test were used to analyse data through SPSS.

The most broadly embraced teaching methodology was online classes through Zoom Application. According to the developed scale, overall, 78% of students were dissatisfied from online learning. Students also raised concerns over assessment methods, student-instructor communication, fairness of examination and difficulty in understanding concepts. Majority of students preferred classroom teaching and 81% of respondents didn't want to continue with e-learning.

Results have depicted that students are not satisfied with e-learning and they pointed out some critical defects in the system. HEC and rectors should treat this issue as top-priority for provision of good quality education and to save the future of undergraduate students of Pakistan.
Results have depicted that students are not satisfied with e-learning and they pointed out some critical defects in the system. HEC and rectors should treat this issue as top-priority for provision of good quality education and to save the future of undergraduate students of Pakistan.
About 80% of tympanic membrane tears consequential of middle ear infections or trauma restore spontaneously. SB-3CT Myringoplasty is the procedure to fix the perforation which fails to heal. It is of two types; overlay and underlay techniques. In former technique graft is placed lateral to the fibrous sheet of the tympanic membrane while in underlay technique the graft is placed medial to the tympanic membrane remnant. The published success rates of underlay and overlay myringoplasty varied. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of graft uptake by underlay and overlay technique in patients undergoing myringoplasty.

This randomized control trial including 80 patients was carried out at Otorhinolaryngology department of Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi from April 2016 to September 2017. Patients going through myringoplasty for tympanic perforations were randomly allocated into two groups. Group-A underwent underlay while Group-B underwent overlay myringoplasty.

The age of the patients ranged from 20 to 40 years with a mean of 29.
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