Notes

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During the COVID-19 pandemic, the distance education method started to be applied to prevent the interruption of education in universities. Anatomy education given to students who will serve in the field of health has also been transferred to the online method in this digitization process. The aim of the study was to evaluate the emergency distance anatomy education by taking the feedback of the students of the health services vocational school and to make changes and regulations that will increase the quality of education.

In the study, a questionnaire was applied to Harran University Health Services Vocational School students. The link address of the online survey (prepared 5-point Likert scale) form was shared with the volunteers. SPSS 20.0 was performed for the statistical analyses.

A total of 75.6% of the volunteers participated in the study stated that they preferred face-to-face anatomy education to distance anatomy education. 63.3% of the volunteers stated that distance anatomy education provides flexibility and time saving, 65.5% of them provide the opportunity to learn at their own learning pace. 63.1% of the participants stated that they could not get their attention due to not being in the classroom environment.

To increase the efficiency and quality of distance anatomy education for students studying in the field of health, it is necessary to take into account the feedback received from the students and to make adjustments in the curriculum and content by considering the feedback.
To increase the efficiency and quality of distance anatomy education for students studying in the field of health, it is necessary to take into account the feedback received from the students and to make adjustments in the curriculum and content by considering the feedback.Motor neurone disease (MND) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by progressive destruction of motor neurons, muscle paralysis and death. The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is highly expressed in the central nervous system and has been shown to modulate disease outcomes in MND. APP is part of a gene family that includes the amyloid precursor-like protein 1 (APLP1) and 2 (APLP2) genes. In the present study, we investigated the role of APLP2 in MND through the examination of human spinal cord tissue and by crossing APLP2 knockout mice with the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1-G37R) transgenic mouse model of MND. We found the expression of APLP2 is elevated in the spinal cord from human cases of MND and that this feature of the human disease is reproduced in SOD1-G37R mice at the End-stage of their MND-like phenotype progression. APLP2 deletion in SOD1-G37R mice significantly delayed disease progression and increased the survival of female SOD1-G37R mice. Molecular and biochemical analysis showed female SOD1-G37RAPLP2-/- mice displayed improved innervation of the neuromuscular junction, ameliorated atrophy of muscle fibres with increased APP protein expression levels in the gastrocnemius muscle. These results indicate a sex-dependent role for APLP2 in mutant SOD1-mediated MND and further support the APP family as a potential target for further investigation into the cause and regulation of MND.The centrosome is a tiny cytoplasmic organelle that organizes and constructs massive molecular machines to coordinate diverse cellular processes. Due to its many roles during both interphase and mitosis, maintaining centrosome homeostasis is essential to normal health and development. Centrosome instability, divergence from normal centrosome number and structure, is a common pathognomonic cellular state tightly associated with cancers and other genetic diseases. As novel connections are investigated linking the centrosome to disease, it is critical to understand the breadth of centrosome functions to inspire discovery. In this review, we provide an introduction to normal centrosome function and highlight recent discoveries that link centrosome instability to specific disease states.More has yet to be indicated on the adsorption and degradation processes, determining herbicides recycling in the environment. The sorption and degradation of 2, 4-D, affected by organic carbon (1.92-2.81%), soil clay (20-30%) and pH of the citrus orchards of Mazandaran province, Iran was investigated using HPLC equipped with UV detector for the identification and quantification of soil 2, 4-D. The adsorption (kd) and degradation (Kdeg) coefficients were determined using Freundlich and the first-degree kinetic equations. Gardens C (2.45 mL g-1), and B (0.3 mL g-1), with the highest (8.2 g day-1) and least (2.7 g day-1) degradation coefficients, had the highest and lowest Kd values. Kd variations with pH indicated higher adsorption of 2, 4-D in acidic pH. Due to the high presence of functional groups and soil biological activities, organic carbon affected the adsorption and degradation rates more effectively, which is of economic and environmental significance.We developed and compared deep learning models to detect hip osteoarthritis on clinical CT. The CT-based summation images, CT-AP, that resemble X-ray radiographs can detect radiographic hip osteoarthritis and in the absence of large training data, a reliable deep learning model can be optimized by combining CT-AP and X-ray images.
In this study, we aimed to investigate the applicability of deep learning (DL) to assess radiographic hip osteoarthritis (rHOA) on computed tomography (CT).

The study data consisted of 94 abdominopelvic clinical CTs and 5659 hip X-ray images collected from Cohort Hip and Cohort Knee (CHECK). The CT slices were sequentially summed to create radiograph-like 2-D images named CT-AP. X-ray and CT-AP images were classified as rHOA if they had osteoarthritic changes corresponding to Kellgren-Lawrence grade 2 or higher. The study data was split into 55% training, 30% validation, and 15% test sets. A pretrained ResNet18 was optimized for a classification task of rHOA vs. no-rHOA. Five modzed by combining CT-AP and X-ray images.
It is difficult to perform intestinal anastomosis in low-birth-weight infants because the intestinal diameter is small and the discrepancy in diameter of the proximal and distal intestines is often large, but there has been no optimal-sized training model. Therefore, we developed a new intestinal anastomosis training model that imitated the size of the intestine in low-birth-weight infants, and evaluated its face and construct validity.

Two intestinal models were developed with crossMedical, Inc. using a hydrophilic acrylic material (wet model) or a polyurethane soft resin (dry model). The inner diameter of the simulated intestinal tract was 15mm on the oral end and 6mm on the anal end. Noradrenaline bitartrate monohydrate cell line Thirteen pediatric surgeons performed anastomosis and responded to the questionnaire.

In the questionnaire, the wet model had significantly higher scores than the dry model in "appearance", "softness" and "usefulness for training". In the anastomotic results of the wet model, the anastomosis leak pressure was significantly correlated with the number of intestinal anastomotic experiences in low-birth-weight infants (correlation coefficient = 0.64, P = 0.035).

The wet-type intestinal anastomosis model showed good face validity. Its leak pressure had a significant correlation with clinical experience; thus, construct validity was demonstrated.
The wet-type intestinal anastomosis model showed good face validity. Its leak pressure had a significant correlation with clinical experience; thus, construct validity was demonstrated.
The role of simulation training in paediatric surgery is expanding as more simulation devices are designed and validated. We aimed to conduct a training needs assessment of UK paediatric surgical trainees to prioritise procedures for simulation, and to validate a novel 3D-printed simulation model for oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula (OA-TOF) repair.

A questionnaire was sent to UK trainee paediatric surgeons surveying the availability and utility of simulation. The operation ranked as most useful to simulate was OA-TOF repair. 3D-printing techniques were used to build an OA-TOF model. Content, face and construct validity was assessed by 40 paediatric surgeons of varying experience.

Thirty-four paediatric surgeons completed the survey; 79% had access to surgical simulation at least monthly, and 47% had access to paediatric-specific resources. Perceived utility of simulation was 4.1/5. Validation of open OA-TOF repair was conducted by 40 surgeons. Participants rated the model as useful 4.9/5. Anatomical realism was scored 4.2/5 and surgical realism 3.9/5. The model was able to discriminate between experienced and inexperienced surgeons.

UK paediatric surgeons voted OA-TOF repair as the most useful procedure to simulate. In response we have developed and validated an affordable 3D-printed simulation model for open OA-TOF repair.
UK paediatric surgeons voted OA-TOF repair as the most useful procedure to simulate. In response we have developed and validated an affordable 3D-printed simulation model for open OA-TOF repair.To investigate the association of miR-106b-5p with neuroinflammation and microglial activation in a status epilepticus (SE) mouse model. We examined changes in the expression of microRNA-106b-5p (miRNA-106b-5p), repulsive guidance molecule A (RGMa), triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), and the microglia-related markers interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and arginase-1 (Arg-1) in the mouse hippocampus of the lithium-pilocarpine-induced SE mouse model. Eighty-four female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a normal control group (n = 12), and six SE groups (n = 12/group), which were monitored at 6 h and at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days (d) post-SE induction. Unlike in the dentate gyrus, immunohistochemical staining revealed prominent neuronal swelling at 6 h, significant neuronal loss and apoptosis on day 3, and recovery by day 14 in the hippocampal cornu ammonis (CA)1 and CA3 pyramidal cells in SE mice. We noted elevated levels of miRNA-106b-5p and all microglia-related markers, which peaked at 3 days post-SE, except IL-4, which peaked at 7 days post-SE, indicating inflammation and microglial activation. RGMa and TREM2 levels decreased at 6 h post-SE. All markers but miRNA-106b-5p, RGMa, and TREM2 returned to baseline levels at 21 days post-SE. Dual luciferase reporter gene assay showed that microRNA-106b-5p can interact with RGMa. We observed that miR-106b-5p level increased while both RGMa and TREM2 levels decreased post-SE and showed associations with microglial activation and inflammation in the mouse hippocampus, suggesting their potential as SE therapeutic targets.Neurophysiological experiments using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have sought to probe the function of the motor division of the corpus callosum. Primary motor cortex sends projections via the corpus callosum with a net inhibitory influence on the homologous region of the opposite hemisphere. Interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) experiments probe this inhibitory pathway. A test stimulus (TS) delivered to the motor cortex in one hemisphere elicits motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in a target muscle, while a conditioning stimulus (CS) applied to the homologous region of the opposite hemisphere modulates the effect of the TS. We predicted that large CS MEPs would be associated with increased IHI since they should be a reliable index of how effectively contralateral motor cortex was stimulated and therefore of the magnitude of interhemispheric inhibition. However, we observed a strong tendency for larger CS MEPs to be associated with reduced interhemispheric inhibition which in the extreme lead to a net effect of facilitation.
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