Notes

[Palliative proper care practices throughout household establishments for the seniors requiring full-time care].
Smoking is one of the biggest public health problems in the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the MPOWER package which provides a guide for tobacco control. The package includes six evidence based anti-smoking interventions. This meta-analysis study aims to assess the effectiveness of MPOWER - (M)onitor, (P)rotect, (O)ffer, (W)arn, (E)nforce, and (R)aise. In the study, "smoking prevalence rate, smoking cessation rate and number of cigarettes smoked daily" outputs were used in adult and adolescent age groups.

Literature search has been made with "smok*, tobacco, cigarette*" keywords from the databases of Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane-Library. Abstracts were assessed in detail according to the inclusion criteria by the research team. Quality of articles was evaluated with modified Jadad criteria. The follow-up periods of articles were determined in two groups named as short and long term periods. We used random effects model (p ≤ 0.05) and fixed effects model (p > 0.fective anti-smoking interventions have great importance for public health protection.
MPOWER interventions affect smoking prevalence rate, smoking cessation rate and number of cigarettes smoked daily in different age groups. Well-controlled, well-planned and cost-effective anti-smoking interventions have great importance for public health protection.
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble, prohormone vitamin that is important especially for bone mineralization and skeletal health. In recent years, vitamin D deficiency appeared as a worldwide problem, affecting many people in different ways including the Northern Cypriot population. The deficiency might be caused by the lack of exposure to sunlight, diet low in vitamin D, sedentary lifestyle, and also due to some genetic variations in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene.

In this study, four common VDR polymorphisms and associations with vitamin D deficiency in the Turkish Cypriot population between ages 18-40 and working in office conditions was studied by PCR- RFLP analysis.

rs2228570 C>T variant was shown to be significantly associated with low serum vitamin D levels in the studied population.

Together with the effect of rs2228570 C>T variant in the VDR gene, it is thought that the lifestyle changes in the Turkish Cypriot population might have caused the increased frequency of vitamin D deficiency in the young professionals.
T variant in the VDR gene, it is thought that the lifestyle changes in the Turkish Cypriot population might have caused the increased frequency of vitamin D deficiency in the young professionals.
The aim of the article is to present the behaviour of Slovak consumers in terms of consumption in the field of functional food.

The survey was initiated in all regions of Slovakia. The sample involved 1,373 families which consisted of respondents aged 18-92 years. Friedman's test and subsequent post-hoc analysis were used to determine the reasons why people buy (or do not buy) a specific type of food. The survey deals with functional foods. Additionally, another classification method, namely a decision tree, was used.

Decision trees help to identify factors influencing the choice of food by buyers. Based on this method, it can be stated that Slovak households still do not trust the functional foods bought in shops and are not interested in purchasing these foods.

In short, it could be assumed that the millennium generation would dominate households, and that they will probably prefer foods, in a higher degree of choice, as being pre-prepared foods. Therefore, food sales will move in this direction, although traditional patterns of behaviour, determined by the role of the mother in the family, still dominate. This trend can be reinforced by the lack of cooking skills and confidence among the younger generation, which will lead to reduced cooking and is considered barriers to healthy eating.
In short, it could be assumed that the millennium generation would dominate households, and that they will probably prefer foods, in a higher degree of choice, as being pre-prepared foods. Therefore, food sales will move in this direction, although traditional patterns of behaviour, determined by the role of the mother in the family, still dominate. This trend can be reinforced by the lack of cooking skills and confidence among the younger generation, which will lead to reduced cooking and is considered barriers to healthy eating.
There has been insufficient evidence for a quantitative recommendation for dietary cholesterol, therefore, we aim to investigate the optimal cholesterol intake related to a lower all-cause mortality risk.

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a large population survey to investigate public health in the United States. We analysed data from 1999-2002 linked with mortality data obtained through 2006. Ipatasertib Cox proportional hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated to assess risks for all-cause mortality associated with cholesterol intake.

A total of 7,728 participants were analysed in the present study, and 519 assumed death events. Compared with the third quartile (216-373 mg/day) of cholesterol intake, the risks of mortality increased in both the first two and the last quartiles (quartile 1 HR 1.53, 95% CI 1.16-2.00; quartile 2 HR 1.22, 95% CI 0.94-1.60; quartile 4 HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.05-1.83). The association between cholesterol intake and the risk of all-cause mortality followed a U-shaped curve, with the cholesterol intake associated with the lowest mortality being 328 mg/day.

The present study suggests an optimal cholesterol intake for lowering the all-cause mortality risk.
The present study suggests an optimal cholesterol intake for lowering the all-cause mortality risk.
The Lombardy Region, Italy, was the most severely affected by the COVID-19 outbreak. In absence of effective treatments and with basic hygiene measures made mandatory, Lombardy response to COVID-19 relied on its healthcare system characteristics, the administered competition or "quasi-market" model. The aim of the study was to review the strengths and weaknesses of Lombardy's response during the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic, to explore whether the healthcare model influenced crisis management and describe which policies could help to contain future outbreaks. The results are expected to provide similar healthcare systems with lessons to avoid mistakes and learn from best practice.

Data for quantitative analyses on the performance of the Lombardy and Veneto Regions healthcare systems were derived from existing government sources including the Italian Civil Protection Agency and the Ministry of Health.

Lombardian quasi-market model, traditionally characterized by a strong hospital network, was heldear regulation. link2 Reducing institutional fragmentation between levels of governance, improving the coordination of healthcare facilities and adopting telemedicine technologies are means by which healthcare networks could strengthen their resilience against future outbreaks.
Hand hygiene (HH) compliance is associated with effective prevention of health care-associated infections (HAI), the topic being very important due to current COVID-19 pandemic. There is a growing debate about the role of educational institutions in the low HH compliance of health workers. This study aimed to assess HH knowledge, self-assessment and attitudes of medical students in relation to provided educational background.

A cross-sectional survey (mixed methods-approach) combined with the curriculum analysis and questionnaires. link3 Quantitative method a questionnaire of knowledge of HH issues (QK), and a questionnaire of self-assessment and attitudes (SAQ) towards HH. Qualitative method focused on an analysis of content of the curriculum documents.

250 (KQ) and 238 (SAQ) questionnaires were analysed from students of general medicine (n = 262; average age 22.5 years). Below-average knowledge of HH and a high self-assessment of knowledge and compliance with HH was reported by 72.2% and 76.0% of students, respectively. Significant differences in knowledge and self-assessment of HH were found among study years and gender. The content analysis has revealed gaps in HH-related information in general medicine educational programme.

It is highly expected that there might be some association between low HH knowledge level, false self-assessment and educational programme in medical students.
It is highly expected that there might be some association between low HH knowledge level, false self-assessment and educational programme in medical students.
Despite advancing technology, national TB surveillance systems are still inadequate in terms of patient detection around the world. It was aimed to investigate suspicious cases detected by active surveillance method in pathology laboratories and to evaluate the effectiveness of this method in terms of finding new TB cases.

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. It was administrated in Samsun, Turkey, between January 2012-December 2017. Within the scope of active surveillance, pathology laboratories were regularly visited and reported cases with granulomatous inflammation were assessed. The obtained patient list was compared with the records of the Electronic Tuberculosis Management System (ETMS). Patients who were not included in these records were invited to the dispensary and evaluated for TB. They were also referred to the relevant hospitals for diagnosis if necessary. Frequency values and descriptive statistics were calculated using SPSS method.

It was found that 35.6% of 703 patients with the diagnosis of granulomatous inflammation were previously diagnosed, treated or currently undergoing treatment in the ETMS registry. As a result of the assessment of remaining 453 cases, 46 patients (10.1%) were newly diagnosed with TB. Newly diagnosed TB patients were reported, and their treatment started.

As a result, active surveillance method conducted in pathology laboratories are used to detect unknown or late reported TB cases and allows to start treatment without further delay.
As a result, active surveillance method conducted in pathology laboratories are used to detect unknown or late reported TB cases and allows to start treatment without further delay.
The aim of the study was to investigate the variation in breast and cervical cancer screening attendance among Czech women by age and in regions in 2009-2017.

The data from the health insurance company that covers around 50% of the Czech population were used to calculate age-specific attendance rates and standardized attendance rates by year and region.

In 2017, the attendance of all eligible women was 52% in breast cancer screening and 46% in cervical cancer screening. There were differences in attendance among groups of women. Women aged 45-49 had attendance rates in both screenings around 60%, while 39% of women aged 75-79 attended breast cancer screening, and 23% attended cervical cancer screening. In regions, attendance ranged from 38% to 70% in breast cancer screening and from 32% to 55% in cervical cancer screening.

We identified the age-specific differences and regional variation in both breast and cervical cancer screening attendance among Czech women. Those with lower attendance may have a higher risk of dying from breast and cervical cancers.
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