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Potential using reduced molecular weight excipients with regard to amorphization as well as dissolution improvement of carvedilol.
enterocolitica. Isolate-specific differences in the transcription of membrane fluidity- and motility-related genes provided evidence to classify strains within a spectrum of cold response. The combination of different approaches has permitted the systematic description of the Y. enterocolitica cold response and gives a better understanding of the physiological processes underlying this phenomenon. Copyright © 2020 Li, Murugaiyan, Thomas, Alter and Riedel.The Hippo signaling pathway is a novel tumor suppressor pathway, initially found in Drosophila. Recent studies have discovered that the Hippo signaling pathway plays a critical role in a wide range of biological processes, including organ size control, cell proliferation, cancer development, and virus-induced diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the biological feature and pathological role of the Hippo pathway, focusing particularly on current findings in the function of the Hippo pathway in virus infection and pathogenesis. Copyright © 2020 Wang, Lu, Zhang, Zou, Jin and Zhao.The whole-cell bioreporters based on the cop-operon sensing elements have been proven specifically useful in the assessment of bioavailable copper ions in water environments. In this study, a series of experiments was conducted to further improve the sensitivity and robustness of bioreporters. First, an Escherichia coli △copA△cueO△cusA mutant with three copper transport genes knocked out was constructed. Then, the copApgfpmut2 sensing element was inserted into the chromosome of E. coli △copA△cueO△cusA by gene knock-in method to obtain the bioreporter strain E. coli WMC-007. In optimized assay conditions, the linear detection range of Cu2+ was 0.025-5 mg/L (0.39-78.68 μM) after incubating E. coli WMC-007 in Luria-Bertani medium for 5 h. The limit of detection of Cu2+ was 0.0157 mg/L (0.25 μM). Moreover, fluorescence spectrometry and flow cytometry experiments showed more environmental robustness and lower background fluorescence signal than those of the sensor element based on plasmids. In addition, we found that the expression of GFPmut2 in E. coli WMC-007 was induced by free copper ions, rather than complex-bound copper, in a dose-dependent manner. Particularly, the addition of 40 mM 3-(N-Morpholino)propanesulfonic acid buffer to E. coli WMC-007 culture enabled accurate quantification of bioavailable copper content in aqueous solution samples within a pH range from 0.87 to 12.84. The copper recovery rate was about 95.88-113.40%. These results demonstrate potential applications of E. coli WMC-007 as a bioreporter to monitor copper contamination in acidic mine drainage, industrial wastewater, and drinking water. Since whole-cell bioreporters are relatively inexpensive and easy to operate, the combination of this method with other physicochemical techniques will in turn provide more specific information on the degree of toxicity in water environments. Copyright © 2020 Pang, Ren, Li, Liang, Rao, Gao, Wu, Li, Wang, Zhao, Hong, Jiang, Wang, Zhou, Lyu and Tan.[This corrects the article DOI 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01978.]. Copyright © 2020 Ma, Wang, Zhai, Zhou and Hao.Membrane vesicles (MVs) are nanoparticles composed of lipid membranes that are produced by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. MVs have been assigned diverse biological functions, and they show great potential for applications in various fields. However, the mechanisms underlying their functions and biogenesis are not completely understood. Accumulating evidence shows that MVs are heterogenous, and different types of MVs with different compositions are released from the same species. To understand the origin and function of these MVs, determining the biochemical properties of MVs is important. In this review, we will discuss recent progress in understanding the biochemical composition and properties of MVs. Copyright © 2020 Nagakubo, Nomura and Toyofuku.Traditional microbiological enumeration methods have long been employed as the standard evaluation procedure for probiotic microorganisms. These methods are labor intensive, have long-time to results and inherently have a high degree of variability - up to 35%. As clinical probiotic and microbiome science continues to grow and develop, it is increasingly important that researchers thoroughly define and deliver the targeted probiotic dose. Furthermore, to establish high quality commercial products, the same dosage level must be administered to consumers. An ISO method for the use of flow cytometry has been established which does speed up the time to results and reduce variability, but the method has not yet gained widespread adoption across the probiotic industry. This is possibly due to expertise needed to implement and maintain a new testing platform in an established quality system. In this study we compare enumeration using plate counts and flow cytometry to the use of droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), which in addition to giving faster time to results than plate count and less variability than both plate count and flow cytometry, has additional benefits such as strain-specific counts. selleck products Use of ddPCR gives the ability to design primers to target deletions and single base pair differences which will allow for strain profiling in microbiome analyses. We demonstrate that ddPCR probiotic enumeration results are positively correlated to both plate count and flow cytometry results and should be considered a viable, next generation enumeration method for the evaluation of probiotics. Copyright © 2020 Hansen, Tang, Kiefer, Galles, Wong and Morovic.Simultaneous detection technology has become a hot topic in analytical chemistry; however, very few reports on how to simultaneously detect small molecular contaminants and microorganisms have been in place. Aflatoxins are a group of highly toxic and carcinogenic compounds, which are produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus from section Flavi responsible for aflatoxin accumulation in stored cereals. Both aflatoxins and Aspergillus section Flavi were used to demonstrate the duplex real-time RCR method of simultaneously detecting small molecular contaminants and microorganisms. The detection of aflatoxins and Aspergillus section Flavi was carried out depending on the anti-idiotypic nanobody-phage V2-5 and aflatoxin-synthesis related gene nor-1 (=aflD), respectively. The quantitative standard curves for simultaneous detection of aflatoxins and Aspergillus section Flavi were constructed, with detection limits of 0.02 ng/ml and 8 × 102 spores/g, respectively. Naturally contaminated maize samples (n = 25) were analyzed for a further validation.
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