Notes

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The aims of this study were to compare radiological and functional outcomes of Ilizarov ligamentotaxis and locked volar plating in comminuted intra-articular distal radius fractures (AO type C2/C3) using a non-randomised superiority trial.

A total of 72 patients with AO C2/C3 distal radius fractures were allotted into Ilizarov ligamentotaxis (n = 30) and locked volar plating (n = 42) groups based on patient preference. Primary outcome was the ability to achieve and stably maintain acceptable radiological parameters (post-operative, 6weeks, 3months, 12months), and secondary outcome was functional scoring (at 12months).

All patients completed the study. All fractures united uneventfully. Plating was superior to Ilizarov in restoring ulnar variance (100% versus 80%, p value 0.004), but Ilizarov was superior to plating in restoring volar tilt (as opposed to neutral tilt, 83.3% versus 47.8%, p value 0.002). Both groups were comparable in restoring radial height, radial inclination and intra-articular reductimost care while performing Ilizarov ligamentotaxis. Ilizarov comes with the disadvantages of reduced patient preference, pin site infections, need for removal of external fixator and slightly slower return to activity.

CTRI/2018/08/015549 LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, Non-randomised prospective trial.
CTRI/2018/08/015549 LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, Non-randomised prospective trial.The topical use of rosmarinic acid (RA) in skin inflammatory pathologies is restricted due to its poor water solubility, poor permeability, and chemical instability. In this study, RA-loaded transethosomes-in-Carbopol® formulations have been developed to evaluate its anti-inflammatory activity on imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice. In vitro release profiles demonstrated sustained behavior due to the retentive action of gel and the entrapment of RA into the vesicles. However, the low viscosity of the combined formulation increased the drug release rate. Animal evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity demonstrated that transethosomes-in-gel containing dexamethasone (Dex-TE-Gel), as positive control, showed effect in all the pro-inflammatory parameters evaluated, evidencing that these drug-loaded nanocarriers have been effectively reached the site of action. In addition, transethosomes-in-gel containing RA (RA-TE-Gel) formulations produced a great reduction in the punch edema (P less then 0.001) and in TNF-α and IL-6 (P less then 0.05). However, non-significant differences were obtained for IL-1β, IL17, and MPO. Despite the protecting effect of Carbopol® and transethosomes on oxidation index and antioxidant activity of RA over the 7 days of treatment, however, a degradation process of this antioxidant to caffeic acid may be the cause of these in vivo results. We have also checked that the pH existing into the intercellular space of damaged cells (pH 6.8) may be affecting. Therefore, our results suggest that RA-TE-Gel could act as an effective RA formulation for skin delivery; further studies will help to understand the loss of activity at the cellular level.
This review aims to summarize innovations in urologic surgical training in the past 5 years.

Many assessment tools have been developed to objectively evaluate surgical skills and provide structured feedback to urologic trainees. learn more A variety of simulation modalities (i.e., virtual/augmented reality, dry-lab, animal, and cadaver) have been utilized to facilitate the acquisition of surgical skills outside the high-stakes operating room environment. Three-dimensional printing has been used to create high-fidelity, immersive dry-lab models at a reasonable cost. Non-technical skills such as teamwork and decision-making have gained more attention. Structured surgical video review has been shown to improve surgical skills not only for trainees but also for qualified surgeons. Research and development in urologic surgical training has been active in the past 5 years. Despite these advances, there is still an unfulfilled need for a standardized surgical training program covering both technical and non-technical skills.
Many assessment tools have been developed to objectively evaluate surgical skills and provide structured feedback to urologic trainees. A variety of simulation modalities (i.e., virtual/augmented reality, dry-lab, animal, and cadaver) have been utilized to facilitate the acquisition of surgical skills outside the high-stakes operating room environment. Three-dimensional printing has been used to create high-fidelity, immersive dry-lab models at a reasonable cost. Non-technical skills such as teamwork and decision-making have gained more attention. Structured surgical video review has been shown to improve surgical skills not only for trainees but also for qualified surgeons. Research and development in urologic surgical training has been active in the past 5 years. Despite these advances, there is still an unfulfilled need for a standardized surgical training program covering both technical and non-technical skills.Globally, climate change is an alarming threat to the livestock industry. Such changes in the climate can also adversely affect the returns of livestock farmers in Pakistan. Improvement in the production process could decrease the risk of losses. This study analyzes the efficacy of silage to abate the losses in livestock profitability resulting from the climate change. The study employed cross-sectional survey data of 492 livestock farmers collected from six districts of Punjab Province, Pakistan. The data are analyzed with endogenous switching regression, considering the possibility of selection bias and endogeneity in adopting silage as a climate change adaptation measure. The study findings show a significant difference in material well-being between silage users and conventional feed users. Furthermore, training programs such as silage training and livestock development programs could be meaningful provisions to abate climate change and improve food security. It is suggested that training and development programs should be incorporated in policy plans to improve the well-being of farmers in terms of their farm revenues.The development of building materials using new types of raw materials is currently on demand by society and the industry. It is intended to reduce production costs, improve properties and obtain ever-increasingly sustainable processes and products. In this respect, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of new types of reinforcement material on the physical-mechanical and thermal properties of cement-based panels. Cement-based panels reinforced with pine wood, coffee husk waste, rice husk and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were evaluated. The panels were produced with 1.30 g.cm-3nominal density; 12.5 reinforcement material cement ratio; 11.5 watercement ratio; 0.25 cement hydration rate using Portland ARI V cement and 3% calcium chloride (CaCl2) as additive. The panels' physical, mechanical and thermal properties were evaluated before and after accelerated aging. PET bottle wastes showed great potential for use in cement-based panel production, obtaining the best physical and mechanical results, and showing superior performance to pine wood panels. Cement-based panels reinforced with coffee husk and rice husk waste obtained lower physical-mechanical performance, presenting usage limitations, however, with the lowest values of thermal conductivity.Red mud as industrial waste from bauxite was utilized as a precursor for the synthesis of mesoporous ZSM-5. A high concentration of iron oxide in red mud was successfully removed using alkali fusion treatment. Mesoporous ZSM-5 was synthesized using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr) as a template via dual-hydrothermal method, and the effect of crystallization time was investigated towards the formation of mesopores. Characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), N2 adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated the formation of cubic crystallite ZSM-5 with high surface area and mesopore volume within 6 h of crystallization. Increasing the crystallization time revealed the evolution of highly crystalline ZSM-5; however, the surface area and mesoporosity were significantly reduced. The effect of mesoporosity was investigated on the adsorption of methylene blue (MB). Kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of MB adsorption on mesoporous ZSM-5 was carried out at a variation of adsorption parameters such as the concentration of MB solution, the temperatures of solution, and the amount of adsorbent. Finally, methanol, 1-butanol, acetone, hydrochloric acid (HCl), and acetonitrile were used as desorbing agents to investigate the reusability and stability of mesoporous ZSM-5 as an adsorbent for MB removal.Soil total carbon (TC), phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N) exports from the weathered granite slopes are greatly influenced by the complex hydrological processes and terrain factors. In this study, the coupling loss characteristics of N-P-C via runoff and sediment were studied with two soil tanks under simulated rainfalls. Three soils respectively derived from the tillage layer (T-soil), laterite layer (L-soil), and sand layer (S-soil) were employed to determine the interactions of hydrology and topography on N-P-C exports under three rainfall intensities (1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mm/min). The erosion degree of different soils displayed an order of S-soil > L-soil > T-soil. The results showed that surface flow was the main runoff form for L- and T-soil, while underground flow was predominant for S-soil. There was a linear correlation between sediment and surface flow (R2 > 0.78). Surface flow was the dominant pathway of P loss via runoff with underground flow being an important supplementation, and the main P loss pat-P-C losses from the bare weathered granite slopes of SE China.Elaeocarpus venustus is an endemic as well as endangered tree species habitated in the wet evergreen forests of Southern Western Ghats (SWG), India. link2 Due to insufficient natural regeneration, low seedling tendency, and prevailing anthropogenic disturbances, their distribution has been shrinking in their native environment. Towards conserving this endangered species, we have attempted to propagate E. venustus in its habitat by adopting vegetative propagation techniques of cutting and air layering through growth hormones. Significant growth has been observed by providing 2 mM concentration of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) for both cutting and air layering. Higher rooting response has been observed through cutting and air layering techniques during monsoon periods. Based on the results of the study, we suggest that the cutting and air layering techniques can be employed as promising strategies towards the in situ conservation and promotion of Elaeocarpus venustus tree species as well as other endangered species in Western Ghats.This research aims to assess the sustainability of the most common earth-retaining walls (Gravity Walls and Cantilever Walls) in terms of environmental impacts, economic issues, and their combination. link3 Gravity walls observed in this study consist of Gabion Wall, Crib Wall, and Rubble Masonry Wall, while Cantilever Walls include Reinforced Concrete Wall. Six different criteria were taken into account, including global warming potential, fossil depletion potential, eutrophication potential, acidification potential, human toxicity potential, and cost. To achieve the aim of this study, life cycle assessments, life cycle costs, and multi-criteria decision-making methods were implemented. The results showed that the most environmental-friendly option among all alternatives was the Gabion Wall, followed by the Rubble Masonry Wall. However, in terms of economic aspects, the Cantilever Concrete Wall was the best option, costing about 17% less than the Gabion Wall. On the other hand, the results of multi-criteria decision-making showed that the Gabion Wall was the most sustainable choice.
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