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71%) patients had an ESP. The most common ESP morphology was Type 1, followed by Type II, then Type III, while the calcification pattern prevalence was of the descending order Type B, Type A, Type C, and Type D. The mean transverse and sagittal angles were 66.90±5.41° and 26.67°±6.50°, respectively.

The present study was the first to evaluate the characteristics of SP in a Taiwanese population using CBCT. The data contribute a useful basis for clinical investigation of the SP in future.
The present study was the first to evaluate the characteristics of SP in a Taiwanese population using CBCT. The data contribute a useful basis for clinical investigation of the SP in future.
Oral exercise is a training method for swallowing dysfunction in older adults. The study investigated the effect of oral exercise on tongue pressure in older adults in Taiwanese community day care centers over a 3-month period.

Participants over age 50 who were able to communicate and participating for the duration of the 12-week period were recruited from five community day care centers. A 15-min weekly group oral exercise activity was conducted. The tongue pressures were measured and multivariable linear regression models were used to assess the effect of oral exercise intervention on the participants' tongue pressures.

A total of 66 older adult participants, among whom the mean age was 78.06±10.74 years. Tongue pressure continued improving during the intervention period, and the mean tongue pressure at the end of the study was 20.63±10.45kPa, which was significantly higher than the baseline measurement (16.92±10.62kPa,
<0.001). Participants exhibited significant improvement in tongue pressure regardless of their age groups. Moreover, participants with one to seven pairs of functional tooth units (FTUs) exhibited significantly more improvement in tongue pressure (16.00kPa, 95% CI=2.58-29.43) than those without FTUs (
=0.021).

Oral exercise over a 3-month period significantly improved tongue pressure among the study participants regardless of their gender or age group. Oral exercise should be integrated into comprehensive health promotion programs to assist in the improvement and maintenance of oral function among older adults.
Oral exercise over a 3-month period significantly improved tongue pressure among the study participants regardless of their gender or age group. Oral exercise should be integrated into comprehensive health promotion programs to assist in the improvement and maintenance of oral function among older adults.
Previously we demonstrated up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (
) in human osteoblasts under compression and in bony specimens of experimental orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Here, we studied the temporal characteristics of compression stimulation in human and mouse osteoblast cell lines, and generated a transgenic mouse model for assessing the
expression during OTM.

We investigated
expressions in human and murine osteoblasts through RT-PCR and luciferase assay, after compressive force loading. Inhibitors were added to identify the possible mechanisms for signal transduction. A human
promoter was isolated, cloned and transfected to generate a transgenic mouse with a green fluorescent protein reporter. OTM was then initiated to observe the location and time course of transcriptional regulation of
signals.

We found changes in the transcription of
in response to mechanical force applied to both human and mouse osteoblast cell lines, suggesting that the response is positive across species. Cloned human
promoter may cause the response of luciferase to 1% compression. Moreover, p38 inhibitor exerted a down-regulatory effect on
promoter expression, although the inhibitory effect didn't reach a significant level. In the transgenic mouse OTM model, we again found increased expression of
in response to mechanical force loading around the periodontal ligament.

Mechanical force can stimulate
expression, possibly through the p38 MAPK pathway, with its strongest signal occurring at 24h. The mechanical responsiveness in
promoter regions can be observed in both humans and rodents invitro and invivo.
Mechanical force can stimulate MMP-3 expression, possibly through the p38 MAPK pathway, with its strongest signal occurring at 24 h. The mechanical responsiveness in MMP-3 promoter regions can be observed in both humans and rodents in vitro and in vivo.
The estimated prevalence of xerostomia (lack of saliva) ranges from 10% to 50% of the general population. The oral cavity provides a multivariant environmental habitat to over 700 species of bacteria and fungi. We hypothesized that xerostomia will alter the composition of oral microbiota.

Nineteen xerostomia patients and 10 healthy normal volunteers were studied for the oral microbiota. Gingival plaques were collected and microbiota were detected using bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA and analyzed based on the levels of phylum and class.

In all cases, phyla of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, and Proteobacteria make up to 100% of oral microbiota at phylum level. Analyzing individual phylum, presence of Bacteroidetes in xerostomia patients and normal subjects were 23.12±2.56% and 23.23±2.58%, respectively. Mean percentage presence of Firmicutes phylum in xerostomia patients and normal subjects were 18.94±1.83% and 14.06±0.98%, respectively. Statistically significant difference was not observed between xerostomia patients and normal subjects in this study.

These observations revealed obvious but not statistically significant changes in oral major microorganism phylum between xerostomia patients and normal subjects in this study. More samples are needed to verify the current results and to use oral microbiota as a tool in the diagnosis of xerostomia.
These observations revealed obvious but not statistically significant changes in oral major microorganism phylum between xerostomia patients and normal subjects in this study. More samples are needed to verify the current results and to use oral microbiota as a tool in the diagnosis of xerostomia.
Taiwan's two-year postgraduate year training program for dentists (PGYD) has been implemented since 2010. However, there was no relevant study for confirming the training effectiveness of PGYD trainees. This study evaluated whether different training institution attributes and different training modes for PGYD trainees could result in differences in the achievement of PGYD training purposes.

We adopted the questionnaire survey to collect the views of PGYD trainees on the training effectiveness of PGYD and further evaluated whether different training institution attributes and different training modes for PGYD trainees could result in differences in the achievement of PGYD training purposes.

For the "patient-centered" learning environment and the management ability to be a responsible dental clinic owner, the views of PGYD trainees in dental clinics and district hospitals were more positive than those in medical centers. For the clinical professional ability and the management ability to be a responsiblee in remote areas, may be an excellent training mode, because this training mode has the high potential to subsequently balance the distribution of dentists in Taiwan.
Custom-made mouthguards (MGs) are strongly recommended for athletes during sports activities to prevent dental injuries. Athletes undergoing orthodontic treatment and wearing brackets require specially designed MGs for better protection and to create more space that will not hinder the planned orthodontic tooth movement. The purpose of this study was to fabricate effective, specially designed, custom-made MGs for patients or athletes with ongoing orthodontic treatment and to evaluate the shock absorption abilities of these MGs by an
comparison of three different designs.

Three different types of specially designed, double-layered MGs, (i) creating inter bracket space inside the MG, (ii) embedding silicon wax inside the MG, and (iii) creating a buffer space with additional hard insertion, were fabricated from a simulated bracket attached model. Impact test was performed using a free-falling object on a vertical rod, and the strain-gauge system was used to assess the strain on the dentition with the MGs for the comparison of the shock absorption abilities of the three types. Analysis of variance at a significance level of 5% and multiple comparisons were performed for statistical analysis.

The strains on the dentition with the MG creating buffer space with hard insertion were significantly lower than those with the other two types of MG (P < 0.001).

Insertion of a hard material and ensuring buffer space between the MG and the teeth and/or appliance was more effective than other methods of fabricating custom-made MGs to prevent sports-related traumatic dental injuries in athletes undergoing orthodontic treatment.
Insertion of a hard material and ensuring buffer space between the MG and the teeth and/or appliance was more effective than other methods of fabricating custom-made MGs to prevent sports-related traumatic dental injuries in athletes undergoing orthodontic treatment.
Potassium iodide (KI) is used for reducing the degree of black staining occurred after silver diamine fluoride (SDF) application. However, the optimal KI concentration remains unknown. This study aimed to identify the optimal concentration of KI that effectively reduces black staining after SDF application.

Twenty-four extracted teeth with similar pattern of carious lesions were assigned into 6 groups as follows 1) SDF only, 2) SDF+7.5%KI, 3) SDF+10%KI, 4) SDF+15%KI, 5) SDF+20%KI, and 6) SDF+saturated KI. The KI solution was applied immediately after SDF application. Tooth images were obtained for color measurement at different time points as followed; before SDF application, immediately after SDF application, immediately after KI application, 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after SDF+KI application. The photographs were analyzed for mean gray value using the ImageJ program.

The KI groups demonstrated a dose-dependent significant immediate reduction in black staining after KI application, except the saturated KI group. The teeth in the 20% KI group had the highest Δ mean gray value compared with other groups immediately after KI application, whereas a reduction in black staining in the saturated KI group appeared 1 day after KI application. The Δ mean gray value in all groups decreased over time. After 7 and 14 days, the reduction in black staining was not clearly different between KI groups.

KI application was able to reduce the degree of black staining in a dose-dependent manner, but the subsequent color change was minimal over the period of 14 days.
KI application was able to reduce the degree of black staining in a dose-dependent manner, but the subsequent color change was minimal over the period of 14 days.
Patients with periodontal disease have higher dental fear levels, which may have negative effects on their clinical outcome during scaling and root planing (SRP). The present study used the new classification of periodontitis and validated questionnaires to assess the relationship among dental fear, SRP pain and periodontal status.

A total of 120 periodontitis patients were enrolled and staging according to the new classification of periodontitis. SRP was performed, and the visual analog scale (VAS) to assess pain was used with every patient after treatment. Zoligratinib FGFR inhibitor Questionnaires, including Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS), Dental Fear Survey (DFS), and short-form Dental Anxiety Inventory (S-DAI) were implemented from the first attendance and subsequent visits after 6 months. The patients were grouped by DAS scores. The statistical analysis was performed using T-test, chi-square, Pearson and Spearman correlative analysis.

Compared to pre-SRP treatment, the dental fear level on DFS was decreased in the posttreatment period for all periodontitis stages.
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