Notes

Neoadjuvant intralesional methotrexate in cutaneous squamous mobile carcinoma: any marketplace analysis cohort review.
The planting of Cyperus esculentus, a member of the grass family Cyperaceae which includes nut sedge weeds, is being increasingly promoted in northern China's semi-arid and arid regions. Yet the effects of planting C. Selleck Tacedinaline esculentus upon soil quality and soil microbial characteristics of sandy land remain unclear. This study examined the short-term (1 year) impact of this grass species on soil microbial biomass indices, enzymatic activities, and microbiome characteristics in the Horqin Sandy Land area of China. The results show that planting C. esculentus could increase microbial biomass in the form of carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN), and phosphorus (MBP), but it negligibly influenced the enzymatic activities of soil β-1,4-glucosidase (BG), cellobiohydrolase (CBH), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and β-1,4-N-acetaminoglycosidase (NAG). Over 1 year, we found that planting C. esculentus significantly increased the soil bacterial richness and diversity of sandy land, yet also altered community composition of soil bacteria and eukaryotes in way that could promote their homogenization. In this respect, the relative abundances of Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria significantly decreased and increased, respectively; hence, they may be considered for use as important indicators of soil nutrient-rich conditions. Overall, the results could be explained by greater soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN), mainly derived from cumulative plant litter input to soils, which then increased the sandy soil's CN ratio. Future research should focus on exploring the long-term effects of planting C. esculentus on soil quality and soil microbial characteristics of sandy lands in China and abroad.
The effective ex situ conservation of exceptional plants, whether in living collections or cryo-collections, requires more resources than the conservation of other species. Because of their expertise with rare plants, botanical gardens are well positioned to lead this effort, but a well-developed strategy requires a clear understanding of the resources needed.

Grant funding was obtained from the Institute of Museum and Library Services to support a three-year project on cryobanking, and to provide smaller grants to 10 other botanical gardens for one-year projects on either (1) seed behavior studies or (2) the development of protocols for in vitro propagation or cryopreservation.

Nine of the partner gardens worked on 19 species (one was unable to continue due to the COVID-19 pandemic), while the larger project focused on 14 species. A point system was developed for tasks accomplished, and the average costs per point of the larger and smaller projects were similar. Labor accounted for half the costs. Projects focused on species in the Asteraceae and Orchidaceae had lower costs per point than other species.

Both large and small projects can contribute to a strategy for exceptional plant conservation for similar costs. Prioritizing species with lower costs could help advance the field while allowing time for work on more difficult species to develop.
Both large and small projects can contribute to a strategy for exceptional plant conservation for similar costs. Prioritizing species with lower costs could help advance the field while allowing time for work on more difficult species to develop.
The Campanulaceae (Lobelioideae) is the Hawaiian plant family with the most endangered and extinct species. Although seeds of Hawaiian lobelioids are desiccation tolerant, the species are exceptional (i.e., they present challenges at various stages of the conventional ex situ conservation chain) due to their generally poor seed survival at the conventional seed-banking temperature (-18°C). Both morphological dormancy (MD) and morphophysiological dormancy (MPD) have been identified in the seeds of other Hawaiian lobelioids; however, the class of dormancy and germination requirements of the Critically Endangered genus
have not yet been determined.

We measured the embryonic growth in 12-week-old seeds of
and tested their germination at three temperature regimes (15/5°C, 20/10°C, and 25/15°C) in light and at 25/15°C in darkness.

The embryos grew prior to radicle emergence, and the seeds germinated rapidly to high percentages in all tested conditions.

Whether fresh
seeds have MD or MPD still needs to be determined; nevertheless, 12-week-old seeds germinated well in light and darkness, and thus the seeds can be used for conservation purposes. Germination in the dark suggests that the species may not form a long-lived soil seed bank in its native habitat.
Whether fresh B. rockii seeds have MD or MPD still needs to be determined; nevertheless, 12-week-old seeds germinated well in light and darkness, and thus the seeds can be used for conservation purposes. Germination in the dark suggests that the species may not form a long-lived soil seed bank in its native habitat.
To conserve native plants, many institutions are turning toward ex-situ conservation methods, such as storage in seed banks; however, not all seeds are able to survive in seed bank conditions, or may not in the long term. Experimental aging has shown that alpine species lose viability more quickly than low-elevation species. Furthermore, the germination requirements for rare species are largely unknown, but are a necessary first step in understanding storage behavior and viability decline.

Five alpine species were subjected to germination and accelerated aging experiments to understand their longevity in storage. For the accelerated aging experiment, the seeds were rehydrated in a dark incubator and subsequently placed in a drying oven. Following the aging process, the seeds were placed into previously determined germination conditions.

All species had

values of <13.7 days, which is the threshold to consider a species short lived. These results suggest that we cannot haphazardly store seeds and assume that all species will survive for decades.

Accelerated aging experiments are not a perfect measure of seed longevity, and true longevity needs to be empirically determined. However, this experimental method allows us to predict which species may be short lived and whether alternative ex-situ conservation methods might be needed beyond conventional seed banking.
Accelerated aging experiments are not a perfect measure of seed longevity, and true longevity needs to be empirically determined. However, this experimental method allows us to predict which species may be short lived and whether alternative ex-situ conservation methods might be needed beyond conventional seed banking.
Of the approximately 430 species of oaks (
spp.) that have been assessed, 31% are threatened with extinction and in need of safeguarding. However, oak seeds cannot be seed banked, and thus rely on alternative strategies such as in vitro culture for ex situ conservation. One challenge to this approach is low culture initiation rates. Our objective was to identify factors that may improve the establishment of shoot cultures in vitro using new growth collected from mature trees.

Shoot cuttings were harvested from individuals of five different oak species (
,
,
,
, and
). Shoots were cultured onto medium with or without 50 µM silver thiosulfate (STS), a known inhibitor of the stress hormone ethylene. Cultures were grown for one month, at which point shoots were assessed for survival.

Shoot survival was significantly greater in shoots cultured on medium containing STS compared to the control group, with the overall survival rate increasing from 65% to 73%.

Increasing the survival rate of newly established cultures is important in ensuring that material collected from endangered species has the best chance for survival, which is critical for successful ex situ conservation.
Increasing the survival rate of newly established cultures is important in ensuring that material collected from endangered species has the best chance for survival, which is critical for successful ex situ conservation.
Reproducible seed propagation and production protocols were developed for
and related taxa to facilitate ex situ conservation practices.

seeds were scarified for 3- and 10-min intervals in 10% sodium hypochlorite solution, then cultured on three seed germination media. After germination, seedlings were given one of the three photoperiod treatments, and then planted in one of four greenhouse substrates. Seed germination ranged from 0% to 90% and occurred on all three media only after the 3-min scarification. Seedlings in the 24/0-h light/dark and 16/8-h light/dark photoperiods on P723 medium had significantly higher fresh weight than those in the dark treatment group. Ex vitro survival ranged from 55% to 95% across substrates.

Results show that
seeds are damaged by extended chemical scarification, are adaptable to a variety of culture media, and require light for optimal development. Further experimentation showed that the propagation protocols described here can be applied broadly within the genus.
Results show that Spiranthes seeds are damaged by extended chemical scarification, are adaptable to a variety of culture media, and require light for optimal development. Further experimentation showed that the propagation protocols described here can be applied broadly within the genus.Plant cryopreservation technologies are used within gene banks for the long-term preservation of vegetatively propagated collections. Surface-sterilized plant tissues grown in the field, greenhouse/screenhouse, growth chamber, or in vitro are the source of shoot tips subjected to vitrification-based cryopreservation methods. Here, we describe the methods used to minimize microbial contamination during the tissue culture initiation process. We also discuss the occurrence and possible elimination of endophytes after extended in vitro culture and during recovery after liquid nitrogen exposure. We describe two case studies in which bacterial endophytes were observed in Citrus gene bank accessions during recovery after cryopreservation. These were identified using the MinION Oxford Nanopore system and Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assays to examine the bacterial responses to antibiotic exposure. The methods used in this case study could be applied to identify endophytes to better target antimicrobial treatments of plant tissue collections.Lewis Knudson first successfully germinated orchid seeds asymbiotically on artificial medium in 1922. While many orchid species have since been grown asymbiotically, the tremendous variation in how species respond to artificial medium and growth conditions ex situ has also become apparent in the past century. In this study, we reviewed published journal articles on asymbiotic orchid seed germination to provide a summary of techniques used and to evaluate if these differ between terrestrial and epiphytic species, to identify areas where additional research is needed, and to evaluate whether asymbiotic germination could be used more often in ex situ conservation. We found articles reporting successful asymbiotic germination of 270 species and 20 cultivars across Orchidaceae. Researchers often used different techniques with epiphytic versus terrestrial species, but species-specific responses to growth media and conditions were common, indicating that individualized protocols will be necessary for most species. The widespread success in generating seedlings on artificial media suggests that asymbiotic techniques should be another tool for the conservation of rare orchid species.
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