Notes

Depiction of EDARADD gene mutations to blame for hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.
Early childhood caries is indeed a devastative situation for both patients' parents and pediatric dentists. The primary goal in treating severe early childhood caries is to restore normal function such as maintenance of mesiodistal and vertical dimension, prevention of alteration of mastication, phonetics (due to premature loss), development of parafunctional habits, and prevention of psychological problems affecting the self-esteem of a child. The restoration of primary dentition with extensive carious lesions is a complex clinical challenge of several dimensions. The severity of this condition in maxillary anterior teeth has prompted the extraction of teeth due to inadequate esthetic treatment options. The only concern with the severely destructed primary incisors is a lack of crown structure, which fails to support and adhere to a composite crown. Clinicians have preferred many restorative modalities for esthetic rehabilitation of badly decayed anterior primary teeth with numerous root canal retentive post and core systems with appropriate techniques to preserve those teeth until they are replaced by permanent teeth. This review highlights the various posts, their indications, principles, ideal properties, and the current concepts on their use in pediatric dentistry.
Martin AG, Shivashakarappa PG, Arumugam S,
Posts in Primary Teeth-Past to Present A Review of Literature. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(5)705-710.
Martin AG, Shivashakarappa PG, Arumugam S, et al. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bemnifosbuvir-hemisulfate-at-527.html Posts in Primary Teeth-Past to Present A Review of Literature. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(5)705-710.
Evaluate the efficacy and longevity of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) to inhibit the dental caries initiator bacteria;
count in saliva.

Twenty children having class I and II dental caries with no prior restorations were included in the study. Unstipulated saliva samples were collected before and immediately after application of SDF, 1, 3, and 6 months after application, and intergroup comparison was done.

Silver diamine fluoride was applied on the cavitated surfaces with microbrush tip under isolation, then wait for 4 minutes and washed away all surfaces with water spray. Saliva was collected in a sterile saliva collection tube and sent for microbiological culture assessment. CFU/mL of
count was done with the Digital colony counter. For statistical analysis, paired
-test was performed.

Silver diamine fluoride showed a significant drop in CFU/mL of
count at 1 month then 3 and 6 months accordingly.

Silver diamine fluoride can be used to prevent and arrest dental caries and the best result can be achieved by quarterly application.

Chakraborty S, Gupta N, Gambhir N,
Efficacy of Silver Diamine Fluoride on
Count Present in Saliva. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(5)700-704.
Chakraborty S, Gupta N, Gambhir N, et al. Efficacy of Silver Diamine Fluoride on Streptococcus mutans Count Present in Saliva. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(5)700-704.This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge of parents regarding the coronavirus outbreak and to assess the change in attitude and perception toward dental treatment during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. A structured questionnaire (on google format) containing 13 questions was used, and each question had 2 or 3 possible answers. The parents/guardians of children (aged 3-14 years) who were school-going were eligible to participate in this study. A total of 800 parents/guardians were interviewed on google reporting format from June to December 2020. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 800 parents/guardians of children, aged 3-14 years, studying in different schools in Chandigarh. According to the survey, a total of 86% of respondents said that they paid high attention to COVID-19 and explained it to their children; 97% reported that they emphasized the importance of hand hygiene and sanitation during the outbreak; 72% admitted that the outbreak has made them more conscious of the importanwan P, Rajpal S,
Knowledge, Attitudes and Perception of Parents toward Dental Treatment of Children during the COVID-19 Outbreak. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(5)693-699.
Sharma P, Dhawan P, Rajpal S, et al. Knowledge, Attitudes and Perception of Parents toward Dental Treatment of Children during the COVID-19 Outbreak. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(5)693-699.
This study aims to compare the resistance to fracture in maxillary incisors which were fractured in two different oblique patterns and then were re-attached and reinforced using anatomic fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) post.

Sixty extracted and intact human maxillary incisors were obtained and divided into two groups (A and B;
= 30). "Labiopalatal" and "palatolabial" fractures were induced in group A and group B, respectively. These two groups were further subdivided into two subgroups (
= 15). In subgroup I Ribbond fiber (Ribbond Inc., Seattle, WA, USA) and in subgroup II Everstick post (everStick Post™, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) were used. Fractured fragments were re-attached using resin and tested for fracture resistance in universal testing machine. Statistical analysis was done with ANOVA one-way test and
test.

The labiopalatal fracture pattern of group A showed significantly increased resistance to fracture than the palatolabial fracture pattern of group B in both the subgroups. Similarly, subgroup II with Everstick post exhibited significantly higher fracture resistance than subgroup I with Ribbond in both groups A and B (
value < 0.05).

The study simulates a clinical scenario of coronal fracture of a tooth and focuses on the techniques and materials which can be used for successful management of such cases.

Khurana D, Prasad AB, Raisingani D,
Comparison of Ribbond and Everstick Post in Reinforcing the Re-attached Maxillary Incisors Having Two Oblique Fracture Patterns An
Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(5)689-692.
Khurana D, Prasad AB, Raisingani D, et al. Comparison of Ribbond and Everstick Post in Reinforcing the Re-attached Maxillary Incisors Having Two Oblique Fracture Patterns An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(5)689-692.
To investigate the effect of dental environment stressors and coping mechanisms on perceived stress in postgraduate dental students.

This cross-sectional study enrolled 250 postgraduate students from four dental colleges. Modified dental environment stress (DES) questionnaire was used to study the dental environment-related stressors, perceived stress score (PSS) to measure the extent of stress perception, and brief COPE (BC) scale to measure the use of various coping strategies deployed to combat stress. An independent
-test was used to determine the associations of these measures with gender and marital status and one-way ANOVA for associations with year of study. Hierarchical regression was used to determine the effect of demographic factors, career-related psychological background, health-related habits, DES, and BC score on PSS.

"Synopsis, thesis, library dissertation" and "lack of adequate infrastructure" were reported as the highest stressors by the postgraduate students. Only 4.8% of respondennts. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(5)681-688.
The present study was conducted to evaluate the marginal adaptability of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as a root-end filling material when manipulated using two different IV fluids intended for pediatric usage; in the presence of blood and salivary contamination.

Sixty single-rooted teeth were selected. Conventional endodontic root canal preparation was performed on all specimens followed by root-end resection and retrograde cavity preparation. The roots were randomly divided into two groups (
= 30). In the specimens of group I, fresh blood was used as a contaminant and in group II artificial saliva was used as a contaminant. In both groups, MTA (e-MTA, Kids-e-Dental®) manipulated using either Ringer's lactate IV fluid (
= 15) or Tetraspan IV fluid (
= 15) was used for root-end filling in blood or artificial saliva-coated retrocavities. Furthermore, these roots were placed in beakers pooled with fresh phlebotomized blood or artificial saliva. After incubating for 48 hours, the roots were divided Hence, by doing the same, the clinical situation can be simulated.

Mody A, Arora R, Chauhan P,
A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study on Effect of Blood and Artificial Salivary Contamination on Marginal Adaptation of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, When Used as a Retrograde Filling Material An
Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(5)674-680.
Mody A, Arora R, Chauhan P, et al. A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study on Effect of Blood and Artificial Salivary Contamination on Marginal Adaptation of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, When Used as a Retrograde Filling Material An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(5)674-680.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries and gingivitis and its relation to various determinants like dietary habits, habits related to oral health, and oral hygiene practice among private and government school children of age 6-12 years in Kanpur City. A total of 1,550 children (775 from government school and 775 from private school) were selected. Overall, 60% children presented with caries. Prevalence of caries was significantly more associated with government school children (63.1%) compared with private school children (56.9%). The mean deft scores were high in government school children (1.08 ± 1.91) compared with private school children (0.93 ± 1.53). This was statistically significant (p
Singh N, Gaur S, Kumar M,
Comparative Study of Dental Health Status and Its Determinants among Children Attending Government and Private Schools in Kanpur City. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(5)666-673.
Singh N, Gaur S, Kumar M, et al. Comparative Study of Dental Health Status and Its Determinants among Children Attending Government and Private Schools in Kanpur City. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(5)666-673.
Dental caries is managed by two approaches prevention which focuses on inhibiting the caries progression, and the traditional approach which is treating caries by drilling and filling. Logically, the first approach is more effective. One of the recently marketed preventive methods for preventing and inhibiting the progression of dental caries is silver diamine fluoride (SDF), which is proven to be minimally invasive and cost-effective, SDF has proven to have a significant success rate in caries prevention, especially in the early childhood caries.

The study aims to evaluate general practitioners' SDF clinical experience, knowledge, professional behavior, and attitudes.

The study was a cross-sectional study and we utilized a random sampling of Saudi general dental practitioners from different places in the Hail region, KSA. The study was conducted using papered interview and an online questionnaire followed by educating the dentists about SDF.

Dentists were asked about SDF, 62.7% answered that they heard about SDF topical application, but the dentists who answered all questions correctly are only 14.89% with no statistically significant difference among gender, age, or sector.

This study had several limitations. It only included the dental GPA in the Hail region, Saudi Arabia. As is the case with all surveys, only a limited number of questions could be asked. Thus, the information to be obtained is also limited. Future research should therefore include other questions to clarify other aspects which we could not explore in this research.

Alshammari AF, Alenzi RH, Alanezi AA,
Knowledge and Attitude of Dentists toward Silver Diamine Fluoride in Saudi Arabia. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(5)662-665.
Alshammari AF, Alenzi RH, Alanezi AA, et al. Knowledge and Attitude of Dentists toward Silver Diamine Fluoride in Saudi Arabia. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(5)662-665.
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