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.Soil behavior is studied during the Tohoku earthquake, where abnormally high accelerations > 1 g were recorded. Based on vertical array records, models of soil behavior are constructed at 28 sites in northern Honshu (Tohoku region). They are compared with previously studied models of soil behavior in southern Tohoku and Kanto regions, where shock waves were identified as possible causes of the recorded high accelerations. Shear moduli did not reduce during strong motion at many sites, and the behavior of softer and denser soils was similar to a large extent. The nonlinearity of soil response during the Tohoku earthquake was weaker than that observed earlier during the 1995 Kobe and 2000 Tottori earthquakes (Mw ~6.7-6.8). Instead, a widespread soil hardening was found, most expressed at stations recorded the highest PGAs. To explain the observed features of soil behavior, two possible mechanisms are suggested, such as, 1) shock wave fronts generated by rupture propagation along the fault plane induce soil hardening and high PGAs; 2) soil compaction and hardening is a soil response to long-lasting dynamic loadings during the earthquake. Most likely we may expect similar effects of soil hardening and generation of high PGAs during other mega-thrust earthquakes in future.The false cleanerfish, Aspidontus taeniatus (Blenniidae), is known for its morphological resemblance to the bluestreak cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus (Labridae). It has been suggested that A. taeniatus, which acts as a mimic, can easily bite the fins of other fishes that are deceived into requesting cleaning from it or allowing it to approach them. In fact, A. taeniatus frequently utilises benthic food items, such as damselfish eggs, the Christmas tree worm Spirobranchus giganteus, and the boring clam Tridacna crocea. Although geographical variation in the reliance on aggressive mimicry (fin biting) has been reported, the factors have not been determined. We hypothesised that one of the factors is the abundance of benthic food items. To examine our hypothesis, we compared the feeding behaviour of A. taeniatus at two locations showing contrasting abundances of benthic food items in Okinawa, southern Japan. The frequency of fin biting by the small A. taeniatus in Ishigaki Island, where S. giganteus and T. crocea were very rare, was significantly higher than that in Sesoko Island, where the two food items were abundant. We conclude that the importance of aggressive mimicry in A. taeniatus varies depending on local food conditions.Some cyanobacteria use light outside the visible spectrum for oxygenic photosynthesis. The far-red light (FRL) region is made accessible through a complex acclimation process that involves the formation of new phycobilisomes and photosystems containing chlorophyll f. Diverse cyanobacteria ranging from unicellular to branched-filamentous forms show this response. These organisms have been isolated from shaded environments such as microbial mats, soil, rock, and stromatolites. However, the full spread of chlorophyll f-containing species in nature is still unknown. AP-III-a4 Currently, discovering new chlorophyll f cyanobacteria involves lengthy incubation times under selective far-red light. We have used a marker gene to detect chlorophyll f organisms in environmental samples and metagenomic data. This marker, apcE2, encodes a phycobilisome linker associated with FRL-photosynthesis. By focusing on a far-red motif within the sequence, degenerate PCR and BLAST searches can effectively discriminate against the normal chlorophyll a-associated apcE. Even short recovered sequences carry enough information for phylogenetic placement. Markers of chlorophyll f photosynthesis were found in metagenomic datasets from diverse environments around the globe, including cyanobacterial symbionts, hypersaline lakes, corals, and the Arctic/Antarctic regions. This additional information enabled higher phylogenetic resolution supporting the hypothesis that vertical descent, as opposed to horizontal gene transfer, is largely responsible for this phenotype's distribution.Quorum sensing (QS) signals are widely utilized by bacteria to regulate biological functions in response to cell population density. Previous studies have demonstrated that Ralstonia solanacearum employs two different types of QS systems. We report here that anthranilic acid controls important biological functions and the production of QS signals in R. solanacearum. It was demonstrated that the biosynthesis of anthranilic acid is mainly performed by TrpEG. The accumulation of anthranilic acid and the transcription of trpEG occur in a cell density-dependent manner in R. solanacearum. Both the anthranilic acid and TrpEG homologues are conserved in various bacterial species. Moreover, we show that Sporisorium scitamineum sexual mating and hypha formation are strongly inhibited by the addition of exogenous anthranilic acid. Our results suggest that anthranilic acid is important for the physiology of bacteria in addition to its role in inter-kingdom communication.Zero-valent sulfur (ZVS) has been shown to be a major sulfur intermediate in the deep-sea cold seep of the South China Sea based on our previous work, however, the microbial contribution to the formation of ZVS in cold seep has remained unclear. Here, we describe a novel thiosulfate oxidation pathway discovered in the deep-sea cold seep bacterium Erythrobacter flavus 21-3, which provides a new clue about the formation of ZVS. Electronic microscopy, energy-dispersive, and Raman spectra were used to confirm that E. flavus 21-3 effectively converts thiosulfate to ZVS. We next used a combined proteomic and genetic method to identify thiosulfate dehydrogenase (TsdA) and thiosulfohydrolase (SoxB) playing key roles in the conversion of thiosulfate to ZVS. Stoichiometric results of different sulfur intermediates further clarify the function of TsdA in converting thiosulfate to tetrathionate (-O3S-S-S-SO3-), SoxB in liberating sulfone from tetrathionate to form ZVS and sulfur dioxygenases (SdoA/SdoB) in oxidizing ZVS to sulfite under some conditions. Notably, homologs of TsdA, SoxB, and SdoA/SdoB widely exist across the bacteria including in Erythrobacter species derived from different environments. This strongly indicates that this novel thiosulfate oxidation pathway might be frequently used by microbes and plays an important role in the biogeochemical sulfur cycle in nature.A novel suite of instrumentation for the characterisation of materials held inside an air-tight tube furnace operated up to 250 °C has been developed. Real-time detection of released gases (volatile organic compounds (VOCs), CO2, NO, NO2, SO2, CO and O2) was achieved combining commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) gas sensors and sorbent tubes for further qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled to thermal desorption (TD-GC-MS). The test system was designed to provide a controlled flow (1000 cm3 min-1) of hydrocarbon free air through the furnace. The furnace temperature ramp was set at a rate of 5 °C min-1 with 10 min dwell points at 70 °C, 150 °C, 200 °C and 250 °C to allow time for stabilisation and further headspace sampling onto sorbent tubes. Experimental design of the instrumentation is described here and an example data set upon exposure to a gas sample is presented.In recent years, the dominant Western discourse on "female genital mutilation" (FGM) has increasingly been challenged by scholars. Numerous researchers contest both the terminology used and the empirical claims made in what has come to be called "the standard tale" of FGM (also termed "female genital cutting" [FGC]). The World Health Organization (WHO), a major player in setting the global agenda on this issue, maintains that all medically unnecessary cutting of the external female genitalia, no matter how slight, should be banned as torture and a violation of the human right to bodily integrity. However, the WHO targets only non-Western forms of female-only genital cutting, raising concerns about gender bias and cultural imperialism. Here, we summarize ongoing critiques of the WHO's terminology, ethicolegal assumptions, and empirical claims, including the claim that non-Western FGC as such constitutes an extreme form of discrimination against women. To this end, we highlight recent comparative studies of medically unnecessary genital cutting of all types, including those affecting adult women and teenagers in Western societies, individuals with differences of sex development (DSD), transgender persons, and males. In so doing, we attempt to clarify the grounds for a growing critical consensus that current anti-FGM laws and policies may be ethically incoherent, empirically unsupportable, and legally unsustainable.We present our experience with the use of an H-shaped incision and a bovine pericardial graft in patients with Peyronie's disease (PD). In this retrospective study, 21 male patients with PD who underwent an H-shaped incision and received a bovine pericardial graft were included and followed for at least 1 year. The degree of penile curvature in all subjects was less then 60°. Patients had no erectile dysfunction prior to surgery. Outcomes assessed were resistive index (RI) in penile Doppler ultrasonography, improvements in curvature, erection hardness score, and postoperative patient satisfaction. The median age of the 21 patients was 58 (55, 63) years and the median duration of PD was 7 (6, 12) months. As the efficacy variable, there was no statistically significant change in the RI of the corpus cavernosum at 1 year post-surgery. The degree of penile curvature in the erectile state was remarkably decreased from 70 (60, 90) degree to 5 (5, 15) degree (P less then 0.001). There was no significant change in the erection hardness score before and after surgery. Patient satisfaction evaluated via a Likert-type scale at 1 year after surgery was 4 (4, 5). In multiple linear regression analysis, patient satisfaction was correlated with the intraoperative defect size created by H-shaped incision (P = 0.009) and inversely related with the residual curvature (P less then 0.001). The results from the subjective symptom score and the objective penile Doppler ultrasonography suggest that the H-shaped incision and the subsequent graft with the bovine pericardium is safe and effective in patients with PD. It is necessary to minimize the remnant curvature during graft surgery, because postoperative patient satisfaction was closely correlated with postoperative residual curvature.If the surgeon makes a flawed and unrecognized movement with an instrument during implantation surgery, the cylinder subsequently may migrate into an unexpected position with inflation and thrusting post operatively. The out of position cylinder is now evident to the patient or symptomatic with discomfort. This 5th Wilson's Workshop will describe our recommended surgeries for correction of out of place cylinders and illustrate the simplest, safest and least invasive.Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive tumor associated with poor survival, and early detection is important to improve patient outcomes. In the present study, we examined MIR1246 expression as a biomarker of pancreatic cancer. Total RNA was extracted from serum, urine and saliva samples from healthy subjects (n = 30) and patients with pancreatic cancer (n = 41, stage 0-IV). The MIR1246 level in each fluid was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Significantly higher MIR1246 expression in serum and urine was observed in patients with cancer than in healthy controls. A significant positive correlation was found between serum and urine MIR1246 expression (r = 0.34). Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed for MIR1246 in all three body fluids. The area under the curve for serum MIR1246 was 0.87 (sensitivity, 92.3%; specificity, 73.3%), and that for urine MIR1246 was 0.90 (sensitivity, 90.2%; specificity, 83.3%). With a cut-off of the control group's mean plus twice the standard deviation, the sensitivities of MIR1246 in serum and urine for pancreatic cancer were 60.
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