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Photon Compared to Proton Column Remedy regarding T1-3 Squamous Mobile Carcinoma with the Thoracic Wind pipe Without Lymph Node Metastasis.
In studies that target specific functions or organs, the response is often overlaid by indirect effects of the intervention on global metabolism. The metabolic side of these interactions can be assessed based on total energy expenditure (TEE) and the contributions of the principal energy sources, carbohydrates, proteins and fat to whole body CO2 production. These parameters can be identified from indirect calorimetry using respiratory oxygen intake and CO2 dioxide production data that are combined with the response of the 13CO2 release in the expired air and the glucose tracer enrichment in plasma following a 13C glucose stable isotope infusion. This concept is applied to a mouse protocol involving anesthesia, mechanical respiration, a disease model, like hemorrhage and therapeutic intervention. It faces challenges caused by a small sample size for both breath and plasma as well as changes in metabolic parameters caused by disease and intervention. Key parameters are derived from multiple measurements, all afflicted with errors that may accumulate leading to unrealistic values. To cope with these challenges, a sensitive on-line breath analysis system based on substrate-integrated hollow waveguide infrared spectroscopy and luminescence (iHWG-IR-LS) was used to monitor gas exchange values. A Bayesian statistical model is developed that uses established equations for indirect calorimetry to predict values for respiratory gas exchange and tracer data that are consistent with the corresponding measurements and also provides statistical error bands for these parameters. With this new methodology, it was possible to estimate important metabolic parameters (respiratory quotient (RQ), relative contribution of carbohydrate, protein and fat oxidation fcarb, ffat and fprot, total energy expenditure TEE) in a resolution never available before for a minimal invasive protocol of mice under anesthesia. Creative Commons Attribution license.Understanding how the temperature affects the structural and electronic properties for two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors could promote the application and development of the nanoelectronic devices. Here, temperature dependence of lattice structure for indium selenide (InSe) nanosheet and the corresponding electronic properties of 3-nm-indium-deposited InSe field-effect transistor (FET) are systematically demonstrated. Analyses of Raman spectra suggest that the difference of phonon frequency ($Deltaomega$) for A$_1g^2$ mode is found to be 3.14 cm$^-1$, which is larger than that of the E$_2g^1$ mode due to the stronger electron-phonon coupling for A$_1g^2$ mode. The device performance based on indium-deposited InSe is systematically explained by the Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and the predicted energy band structure. Furthermore, FETs based on temperature and the thickness variable InSe flakes as the applicable devices are designed. Our findings are fundamental importance to explain the underlying physics in intrinsic InSe transistor and improve further applications. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.In this paper, an approach to achieve rapid broadband discrete nanomechanical mapping of soft samples using an atomic force microscope is developed. Nanomechanical mapping (NM) is needed to investigate, for example, the dynamic evolution of the nanomechanical distribution of the sample-provided that the mapping is fast enough. The throughput of conventional NM methods, however, is inherently limited by the continuous scanning involved where the probe visits each sampling location continuously. Thus, we propose to significantly reduce the number of measurements through discrete mapping where the sample at only discrete sampling locations of interests are visited and measured. An online-searching learning-based technique is utilized to achieve rapid probe engagement and withdrawal with interaction force minimization at each sampling location. Then, a control-based nanoindentation measurement technique is used to quickly acquire the nanomechanical property at each location, over frequencies that can be chosen arbitrarily in a broad range. Finally, a decomposition-based learning approach is explored to achieve rapid probe transitions between the sampling locations. The proposed technique is demonstrated through experiments using a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sample and a PDMS-epoxy sample as examples. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.OBJECTIVE Fractional calculus plays a key role in the analysis of neural dynamics. In particular, fractional calculus has been recently exploited for analyzing complex biological systems and capturing intrinsic phenomena. Also, artificial neural networks have been shown to have complex neuronal dynamics and characteristics that can be modeled by fractional calculus. Moreover, for a neural microcircuit placed on the spinal cord, fractional calculus can be employed to model the central pattern generator (CPG). However, the relation between the CPG and the motor cortex is still unclear. APPROACH In this paper, fractional-order models of the CPG and the motor cortex are built on the Van der Pol oscillator and the neural mass model (NMM), respectively. A self-consistent mean field approximation is used to construct the potential landscape of the Van der Pol oscillator. This landscape provides a useful tool to observe the 3D dynamics of the oscillator. To infer the relation of the motor cortex and CPG, the coupling model between the fractional-order Van der Pol oscillator and the NMM is built. As well, the influence of the coupling parameters on the CPG and the motor cortex is assessed. MAIN RESULTS Fractional-order NMM and coupling model of the motor cortex and the CPG are first established. The potential landscape is used to show 3D probabilistic evolution of the Van der Pol oscillator states. Detailed observations of the evolution of the system states can be made with fractional calculus. In particular, fractional calculus enables the observation of the creation of stable modes and switching between them. SIGNIFICANCE The results confirm that the motor cortex and CPG have associated modes or states that can be switched based on changes in the fractional order and the time delay. Fractional calculus and the potential landscape are helpful methods for better understanding of the working principles of locomotion systems. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.Novel insight on the local surface properties of ZnO nanowires (NW) deposited by the evaporation-condensation method on Ag-covered Si substrates is proposed, based on the results of comparative studies by using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy (TDS) methods, respectively. SEM studies showed that ZnO nanowires (nanoribbons) are mostly isolated and irregular, having the average length m and the average at the level of tens nm, respectively. Our XPS studies confirmed their evident surface non-stoichiometry, combined with strong C surface contaminations, which was related to the existence of oxygen-deficient regions. Additionally, TDS studies showed that undesired surface contaminations (including C species and hydroxyl groups) on the surface of ZnO NWs can be removed almost completely, leading to an increase of the final non-stoichiometry. Both effects are of great importance when using ZnO NWs for the detection of oxidizing gases, because the undesired C contaminations (including C-OH species) play the role of undesired barriers for the gas adsorption, especially at the low working temperature, additionally affecting the uncontrolled sensor ageing effect. Creative Commons Attribution license.We investigate in-situ laser reflectometry for measuring the axial growth rate in chemical vapor deposition of assemblies of well-aligned vertical germanium nanowires grown epitaxially on single crystal substrates. Finite Difference Frequency Domain optical simulations were performed in order to facilitate quantitative analysis and interpretation of the measured reflectivity data. The results show an insensitivity of reflected intensity oscillation period to nanowire diameter and density within the range of experimental conditions investigated. Compared to previous quantitative in-situ measurements performed on III-V nanowire arrays, which showed two distinct rate regimes, we observe a constant, steady-state wire growth rate. Furthermore, we show that the measured reflectivity decay can be used to determine the germanium nanowire nucleation time with good precision. This technique provides an avenue to monitor growth of nanowires in a variety of materials systems and growth conditions. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.Floquet Majorana edge modes capture the topological features of periodically driven p-wave superconductors. We present a Kitaev chain with multiple time periodic driving terms. Our results demonstrate how multiple driving will affect Floquet bands in frequency space, leading to more robust Floquet Majorana edge modes against driving frequency ω in comparison with the single driving scenario. Meanwhile, We have proposed how to predict Majorana edge modes via the Zak phase of Floquet bands. Besides, in contrast to the cases with single driving term, where the constant phase can be gauged out by properly choosing the initial time, we have shown the relative phase between multiple driving can not be gauged out and will play a dominant role in deciding topological phase transitions. For the sake of completeness, we also investigate the high frequency limit. Analytical results on effective Hamiltonian can be obtained via Magnus expansion and relative phase induced topological transitions can be shown explicitly. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.Recently, ICRP Task Group 103 developed new mesh-type reference computational phantoms (MRCPs) for the adult male and female by converting the current voxel-type reference computational phantoms (VRCPs) of ICRPPublication 110into a high-quality/fidelity mesh format. Utilizing the great deformability/flexibility of the MRCPs compared with the VRCPs, in the present study, we established a body-size-dependent phantom library by modifying the MRCPs. The established library includes 108 adult male and 104 adult female phantoms in different standing heights and body weights, covering most body sizes representative of Caucasian and Asian populations. Ten secondary anthropometric parameters with respect to standing height and body weight were derived from various anthropometric databases and applied in the construction of the phantom library. An in-house program for automatic phantom adjustment was developed and applied for practical construction of such a large number of phantoms in the library with minimized human al dose estimates for many retrospective dosimetry studies by taking the body size of individuals into account. © 2020 Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine.List mode proton imaging relies on accurate reconstruction of the proton most likely path (MLP) through the patient. This typically requires two sets of position sensitive detector systems, one upstream (front) and one downstream (rear) of the patient. check details However, for a clinical implementation it can be preferable to omit the front trackers (single-sided proton imaging). For such a system, the MLP can be computed from information available through the beam delivery system and the remaining rear tracker set. In this work, we use Monte Carlo simulations to compare a conventional double-sided (using both front and rear detector systems) with a single-sided system (only rear detector system) by evaluating the spatial resolution of proton radiographs (pRad) and proton CT images (pCT) acquired with these set-ups. Both the pencil beam spot size, as well as the spacing between spots was also adjusted to identify the impact of these beam parameters on the image quality. Relying only on the pencil beam central position for computing the MLP resulted in severe image artifacts both in pRad and pCT.
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