Notes

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Active surveillance is a viable strategy in select patients with low volume group grade 2 (GG2) prostate cancer. Prospective and retrospective data in the FIR population appear to be mostly favorable in regards to survival outcomes, but there exists some heterogeneity with respect to long-term outcomes in this patient population.
Active surveillance is a viable strategy in select patients with low volume group grade 2 (GG2) prostate cancer. Prospective and retrospective data in the FIR population appear to be mostly favorable in regards to survival outcomes, but there exists some heterogeneity with respect to long-term outcomes in this patient population.
The genomic and immunologic profiling of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has provided the impetus for advancements in systemic treatments using combination therapy - either with immune check point inhibitor (ICI) + ICI or with ICI + targeted therapy. This approach has been examined in several landmark trials, treating both clear cell (ccRCC) and nonclear cell (nccRCC) histologies. In this review, we highlight systemic therapy advancements made in this new decade, the 2020s.

Targeting the programmed death receptor 1/PD-L1 pathway has created more tolerable and effective immunotherapy regimens, expanding the applications of ICIs. These new applications, paired with trial data, include ICI monotherapy in nccRCC and adjuvant pembrolizumab in resected, high-risk RCC. In addition, ICI + ICI and ICI + TKI combination therapy have demonstrated oncologic efficacy in advanced ccRCC and sarcomatoid RCC. Similar progress has been noted regarding new targeted therapies. Along the hypoxia inducible factor pathway, belzutifan has received FDA approval in von Hippel-Lindau-associated RCC. In addition, in papillary RCC, agents such as cabozantinib target the MET proto-oncogene pathway and have demonstrated impressive oncologic outcomes.

The 2020s utilize the molecular profiling of advanced RCC as a scaffold for recent trials in immunotherapy and targeted therapies. Going forward, emphasizing patient-reported outcomes and careful clinical trial construction remain critical to improve systemic therapy in RCC.
The 2020s utilize the molecular profiling of advanced RCC as a scaffold for recent trials in immunotherapy and targeted therapies. Going forward, emphasizing patient-reported outcomes and careful clinical trial construction remain critical to improve systemic therapy in RCC.
The current article reviews the latest information on the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostics, clinical management and prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Atypical pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 emerged in December 2019 in a market in Wuhan, China and rapidly evolved into a pandemic in March 2020. Viral loads of patients with COVID-19 peak in the first week of illness around day 2-4 and hence there is very high-transmission potential causing community outbreaks. Asymptomatic and presymptomatic transmission is a hallmark of COVID-19. Several variants of concern (VOC) have emerged over the last 2 years and Omicron is the predominant variant in many countries. PCR is the standard diagnostic test while rapid antigen test is a useful supplementary test. Serology tests provide indirect evidence of infection 1 -2 weeks after the onset of symptoms. Molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir are oral antiviral agents that may reduce the risk of hospitalization and deaths if administered early to high-risk subjects. Remdesivir, baricitinib, anti-IL-6 tocilizumab and dexamethasone are frequently used for treatment of patients with respiratory failure.

COVID-19 pandemic progresses relentlessly with substantial morbidity and mortality especially in unvaccinated subjects. Mass COVID-19 vaccinations are the most important measure for control of the COVID-19 pandemic.
COVID-19 pandemic progresses relentlessly with substantial morbidity and mortality especially in unvaccinated subjects. Mass COVID-19 vaccinations are the most important measure for control of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The vascular hypothesis of schizophrenia (SZ) postulates that brain endothelial dysfunction contributes to brain pathophysiology. check details This review discusses recent evidence for and against this hypothesis, including data related to blood-brain barrier (BBB), brain endothelium, and brain blood supply, to provide a critical weighed update.

Different studies report a consistent proportion of SZ patients showing increased BBB permeability, reflected by higher levels of albumin in the cerebral spinal fluid. Of note, this was not a result of antipsychotic medication. The high inflammatory profile observed in some SZ patients is strongly associated with increased BBB permeability to circulating immune cells, and with more severe cognitive deficiencies. Also, sex was found to interact with BBB integrity and permeability in SZ. The strongest independent genetic association with SZ has been identified in FZD1, a hypoxia-response gene that is 600-fold higher expressed in early development endothelium as compared to adultblishment of the BBB; therefore, we encourage to investigate its possible contribution to SZ considering this dynamic context.The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of education via WeChat on the quality of bowel preparation in patients undergoing colonoscopy through a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Randomized controlled trials of bowel preparation education provided via WeChat for patients undergoing colonoscopy were screened from databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase. Papers published from the date of database construction to May 1, 2021, were extracted, and a meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager software. A total of four randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that for patients undergoing colonoscopy, education via WeChat significantly improves the quality of bowel preparation for colonoscopy, reduces the insertion time, and increases the adenoma detection rate and the patient's compliance and willingness to repeat bowel preparation. In conclusion, education via WeChat before colonoscopy can significantly improve the quality of bowel preparation.This study examined the quality and healthfulness of articles and recipes on food blogs to inform nurses, other health professionals, and patients using these as resources. Recipes from 50 blogs on Feedspot.com were analyzed for nutrient content and congruency of nutrition information. Of the 178 recipes, 5.6% were low calorie, 7.3% were low in total fat, 15.2% were low sodium, and 89.3% had ≤100 kcal of total sugar. Snack recipes contained significantly less mean sodium (P = .001), and 21% of blogs provided nutrition tips with incongruent or mixed congruency recommendations. Nurses, other health professionals, and consumers should evaluate cooking blogs carefully when using them for nutrition and recipe advice.This study was conducted to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a clinical decision support system for pressure ulcer prevention on clinical (performance, visual discrimination ability, and decision-making ability) and cognitive (knowledge and attitude) workflow. After developing a clinical decision support system using machine learning, a quasi-experimental study was used. Data were collected between January and April 2020. Forty-nine RNs who met the inclusion criteria and worked at seven tertiary and five secondary hospitals participated. A clinical decision support system was provided to the intervention group during the same period. Differences in outcome variables between the two groups were analyzed using t tests. The level of pressure ulcer prevention nursing performance and visual differentiation ability of skin pressure and oral mucosa pressure ulcer showed significantly greater improvement in the experimental group compared with the control group, whereas clinical decision making did not differ significantly. A clinical decision support system using machine learning was partially successful in performance of skin pressure ulcer prevention, attitude, and visual differentiation ability for skin and oral mucosa pressure ulcer prevention. These findings indicated that a clinical decision support system using machine learning needs to be implemented for pressure ulcer prevention.Nursing faced a challenge in caring for COVID-19 patients in terms of keeping their chests clear from secretions, which required much effort from already-exhausted patients, along with the tasks of minimizing dyspnea and cough, strengthening immunity status, and improving their activity levels. The present study aimed to evaluate improvement of dyspnea and activity levels after 1 week of applying a mobile health nursing protocol for positive COVID-19 patients. The study was conducted in quarantine hospitals in Cairo on 90 COVID-19-positive patients who agreed to participate in the study, were fully conscious, were themselves able to use mobile phone applications (or their accompanying relatives were), and were not in need of artificial ventilation. A self-administered online questionnaire was utilized via Google forms to collect data. Patients who agreed to participate in the study received a video on their WhatsApp application containing audio and visual explanations of how they would apply the nursing intervention protocol. The study's findings showed that the best level of dyspnea was only 10.59% of the sample prior to applying the nursing protocol and increased to 20.00% of the sample after applying the nursing protocol. Also, the highest level of activity was only 50.59% pre-protocol and increased post-protocol to become 70.59%.Healthcare providers without working experience in isolation wards experience enormous challenges. Traditional ward orientation is constrained by space, time, and even infection risk in particular periods (eg, the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic). Virtual reality has been used widely, but rarely in wards. This study aimed to explore the experience of utilizing virtual reality for isolation ward training among nurses. In this study, nurses completed virtual reality training via an online platform and were then trained in isolation wards, after which their perceptions were explored by questionnaire and interviews. A total of 1868 participants completed the training. Most participants thought the preservice training was important and believed the virtual reality experience was consistent with the in-person training. Virtual reality was found not only to be convenient and valuable for training but also to have the benefits of occupational protection. However, whereas 50.48% of participants wanted to learn the ward via virtual reality, 87.21% of participants wanted to learn via in-person training before working in the wards. As a substitute for in-person training, virtual reality is a feasible and practical instrument to provide preservice training in particular periods. However, there is room for improvement due to general discomfort and technological problems.The study aimed to determine the effects on knowledge and motivation of animation and gamification in online distance education for a diabetes nursing course. This study was a randomized, controlled, prospective study implemented with 70 nursing students. The animation and gamification were applied to the experimental group. Data were collected using the "Diabetes Nursing Knowledge Test," "Instructional Materials Motivation Survey," and "Opinion Form on Diabetes Education Supported by Digital Instruments." There was a statistical difference between the Diabetes Nursing knowledge scores of the groups after the course (P less then .05). The students in the experimental group had significantly higher attention and satisfaction and total scores from the Motivation Scale for Teaching Material sub-dimensions compared with the control group (P less then .001). The results of our study in generation Z nursing students demonstrated that the use of animation and gamification in online distance learning in nursing students increased their knowledge as well as motivation.
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