Notes

Beginning of outcome-based health care education and learning: development of health care schools' vision claims determined by stakeholders' priority.
Rotational-vibrational transitions of the fundamental vibrational modes of the 12C14N+ and 12C15N+ cations have been observed for the first time using a cryogenic ion trap apparatus with an action spectroscopy scheme. The lines P(3) to R(3) of 12C14N+ and R(1) to R(3) of 12C15N+ have been measured, limited by the trap temperature of approximately 4 K and the restricted tuning range of the infrared laser. Spectroscopic parameters are presented for both isotopologues, with band origins at 2000.7587(1) and 1970.321(1) cm-1, respectively, as well as an isotope independent fit combining the new and the literature data.This article presents and interprets Cameroonian responses to COVID-19 in the education sector. The four main challenges the Cameroonian educational authorities found themselves facing at the onset of the pandemic were (1) how to ensure continuity of formal education; (2) how to minimise exacerbation of already existing educational inequalities; (3) which tools to choose for ensuring continuity; and (4) how to enable pupils and students at exam stage to progress to the next level of their academic career. To collect relevant data for his analysis of how these challenges have been addressed, the author used three tools documentary analysis, interviews, and digital observation of distance learning platforms. Selleckchem Sardomozide His findings form a detailed panorama of educational responses to COVID-19 in Cameroon. These include institutional, community and individual initiatives, ranging from paper-based materials to distance learning platforms, TV and radio communication tools. The implementation of these approaches, however, has revealed that the Cameroonian education system is plagued by disorganisation, educational inequalities and exclusion - problems which affect learners' daily lives on a personal level. The structural and pedagogical deficits revealed by the findings of this study demonstrate that Cameroon must insist on two things if it wants to guarantee educational normality in the event of other similar crises, namely (1) integrating distance-learning technologies; and (2) improving access to essential socio-educational services.
An ultrasound-guided quadratus lumborum (QL) block provides both somatic and visceral analgesia in abdominal surgeries. We aimed to evaluate the postoperative tramadol sparing effect of single-shot anterior QL block in inguinal hernia surgery patients.

This prospective, randomised controlled trial was conducted in a single tertiary care centre over a period of 1 year. A total of 50 patients, American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-II of both sexes aged 18-80 years with body mass index (BMI) ≥20 to ≤35 kg/m
undergoing uncomplicated unilateral inguinal hernia surgery under spinal anaesthesia (SA) were randomly allocated to either of the two groups. The block group (
= 25) received single-shot anterior QL block with 20 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine and the control group (
= 25) received no block. Postoperatively, patients received intravenous (IV) paracetamol 1g every 6 h and tramadol patient-controlled analgesia up to 24 h. Primary outcome was total tramadol consumption at 24 h postoperatively.

The total tramadol consumption mean ± SD [95% CI (range)] at 24 h in the block group was 84.00 ± 37.86 [68.37-99.63 (20-160)] mg versus 93.60 ± 34.99 [79.16-108.04 (20-160)] mg in control group, (p value = 0.36). Postoperative VAS score, haemodynamics, and patient satisfaction score were similar in both the groups. No adverse events were reported.

A single-shot anterior QL block did not establish a postoperative tramadol-sparing effect at 24 h as compared to no block in patients undergoing inguinal hernia surgery under SA.
A single-shot anterior QL block did not establish a postoperative tramadol-sparing effect at 24 h as compared to no block in patients undergoing inguinal hernia surgery under SA.
The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare three different ultrasonographic calculation methods for tongue volume in a real time 2D ultrasonography and correlate with Modified Cormack-Lehane grading observed under direct laryngoscopy.

This prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care institute. Tongue volume was assessed ultrasonically in 50 adult patients using three techniques in all the patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia and correlated with Modified Cormack-Lehane grading. In METHOD A, the tongue volume was calculated as multiplication of mid sagittal cross-sectional area and width in transverse plane; METHOD B, Cross-sectional area obtained in vertical plane was multiplied with the maximum width of tongue in transverse plane; METHOD C. the volume was calculated by multiplying length, width, and height in vertical, transverse, and mid-sagittal/oblique plane, respectively. The analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to find out cutoff point of different methods for predicting difficult laryngoscopy.

The specificity and sensitivity of three different methods were statistically compared and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for method A, B, and C was 0.562, 0.502, and 0.548, respectively.

In our study, we found all three methods to calculate tongue volume to be equally good to assess difficult laryngoscopy.
In our study, we found all three methods to calculate tongue volume to be equally good to assess difficult laryngoscopy.
Videolaryngoscopes are crucial components of a difficult airway cart. Issues of cost and availability, however, remain a problem. We compared the combination of an endoscope used in conjunction with the Macintosh laryngoscope with established videolaryngoscopes and the Macintosh laryngoscope using the intubation difficulty scale (IDS) score.

A prospective randomised study including 120 adult patients, American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-III, with an anticipated difficult airway scheduled for elective surgery were randomly allocated to one of four groups Truview EVO2 (group 1), C-MAC D Blade (group 2), videoendoscope (group 3), or Macintosh laryngoscope (group 4). The IDS score was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included the Cormack-Lehane grade, time to tracheal intubation, haemodynamic responses, and adverse events.

A significant proportion of patients in groups 2 and 3 had an IDS score of zero (73.3 and 70%, respectively). IDS scores were significantly lower in the C-MAC D blade and videoendoscope groups attributable to differences in parameters N4, N5 and N6 [C/L grades, lifting force and laryngeal pressure required] (
< 0.
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