Notes

Airway Operations with Leksell Body throughout situ without or with Front Club: Any Mannequin Study.
The results of this study suggest lack of associations between the polymorphisms in CXCL9 and CXCL10 genes and the response to MTX in RA patients.Copeptin is important in determining the prognosis of the disease, assigning mortality, setting treatment modalities and increasing the patients' chances for survival in life threatening conditions. Any stress factor activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis causes an increase in arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Copeptin is derived from preprovasopressin along with neurophysin II and AVP. Copeptin is released in an equimolar ratio to AVP. Various studies have shown copeptin to be an independent indicator in determining the prognosis of the disease and assigning mortality. The purpose of this review article was to analyze the advantages of copeptin in patients with life threatening illnesses by reviewing medical data bases.
Cardiac syndrome X (CSX) affects left ventricular functions due to myocardial ischaemia. In this study our aim was to determine the changes in left atrial functions in patients with CSX.

One-hundred patients (M/F; 57/43) diagnosed with CSX in whom ischaemia was detected at exercise test and myocardial perfusion scintigrapghy with normal coronary angiogram and control group of 80 subjects (M/F; 40/40) were recruited into the study. In transthoracic echocardiography and tissue doppler echocardiography, left ventricular and atrial functions were recorded.

As compared to control group,left ventricular diastolic functions were impaired (E/A; 0.95 ± 0.18 vs 1.11 ± 0.29 p < 0.001), left ventricular end-diastolic pressures were increased (E/Em; 8.1 ± 1.85 vs 6.9 ± 1.74 p < 0.05), and left atrial maximum volume, left atrial pre-A volume,left atrial minimum volume were increased in patients with CSX. Left atrial conduit volume was significantly decreased in patients with cardiac syndrome. Left atrial passivX. Increased left atrial pump function represents a compensatory mechanism in patients with CSX. These results point out the importance of maintaining sinus rythm in patients with CSX.
To explore changes of plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level in children having undergone radical operation of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and its clinical significance.

52 cases of children with TOF hospitalized in our hospital from October 2011 to April 2013 were chosen, and they were all treated with radical operation of TOF. Levels of plasma NT-proBNP in these children were measured before the operation, and 3h, 12h, 48h, 1 week, 1 months, and 3 months after the operation. The cardiac color supersonic diagnostic set was used to examine pulmonary artery transvalvular pressure gradient, right ventricular end-diastolic volume (RVEDV), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and right ventricular Tei index.

(1) 3h after the operation, the level of NT-proBNP gradually rose and reached its peak 48h after the operation, which was markedly higher than the level before the operation (p < 0.01), yet the levels measured 1 month and 3 months after the operation were lower than thein line with changes of the right ventricular function and could be regarded as an objective indicator for evaluating the right ventricular function.
Major limitation for the use of stent in the treatment of coronary artery disease is development of stent restenosis. The impact of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guidance during drug eluting stent (DES) implantation is presently not yet well established.

For the present study, we included 30 patients who received DES with IVUS-guided stenting (Group A) and 30 patients receiving the DES without IVUS-guided stenting (Group B). The patients were evaluated for their ninth month control angiographies and were followed during two years for the development of relevant clinical events after the DES implantations. The angiographic and clinical results were compared between the groups.

After the percutaneous intervention, the minimal luminal diameter and net acute gain were significantly increased in Group A in respect to Group B (3.3 ± 0.34 vs. 2.8 ± 0.33, p < 0.01). Moreover, the rate for performing post-dilatation following stent implantation was higher in Group A than in Group B (p = 0.01). By contrast, stent restenosis rates were similar between the groups (p > 0.3).

The present results indicate that the use of IVUS for the implantation of DES can increase the success rate of the intervention. The IVUS guidance during DES implantation can be complementary percutaneous intervention, in particularly by detecting the situations that need for post-dilatation.
The present results indicate that the use of IVUS for the implantation of DES can increase the success rate of the intervention. The IVUS guidance during DES implantation can be complementary percutaneous intervention, in particularly by detecting the situations that need for post-dilatation.
Radial artery occlusion is a potential complication of transradial procedures and its occurrence ranges from 0.8 to 30%. It is virtually always asymptomatic but the functional and sensorial consequences of a long acting hand hypoperfusion could go underestimated. CardioWaves is a novel photoplethysmograh device that allows us to detect the pulse wave amplitude of the blood flowing to the hand. Our objective was to assess in normal subjects the hand blood flow supplied by radial arteries and ulnopalmar arches, respectively, by using CardioWaves device during modified Allen's test (MAT).

MAT was performed on both hands of 60 normal subjects, age ranging 21 to 66 years, without any cardiovascular factor risk.

Photoplethysmograh and MAT showed a high positive linear correlation (r=0.93). Despite that, MAT tends to give a higher reading by between 1.05 and 1.6 sec. 11 of 120 readings (9%) by CardioWaves showed values of radial/ulnar pulse amplitude ratio more than mean + 1 SD, suggesting a significant decrease in ulnopalmar arterial circulation when radial blood flow supply would ceased.

The CardioWaves device allows us an accurate reading of the flow because of its independency from respiratory changes. Furthemore, the evaluation of radial and ulnar pulse wave amplitude and the ratio between them would reveal an insufficient blood flow supply by the ulnar artery irrespective of the MAT results. We suggest that their assessment before performing coronary angiography and interventions may reduce potential complication of transradial access.
The CardioWaves device allows us an accurate reading of the flow because of its independency from respiratory changes. Furthemore, the evaluation of radial and ulnar pulse wave amplitude and the ratio between them would reveal an insufficient blood flow supply by the ulnar artery irrespective of the MAT results. We suggest that their assessment before performing coronary angiography and interventions may reduce potential complication of transradial access.
To discuss early efficacy of the cardiac patient with giant left ventricle underwent valve replacement.

Fifty-five patients, who are suffering cardiac valve disease with giant left ventricle, underwent valve replacement. Among them, sixteen patients underwent aortic valve replacement; thirty patients underwent mitral valve replacement; nine patients underwent double valve replacement. All of them use mechanical heart valve.

The number of early death after operation was five. Two patients died of malignant arrhythmia; two died of intractable low cardiac output syndrome; the last one's mechanical valve lost its ability to function after operation and died of respiration-circulation failure after an emergency operation. The death rate was 9%. The remaining 55 patients were cured and their cardiac function was significantly improved.

The definite effective myocardial protection and perfect and detailed preoperative treatment can reduce the possibility of operative complications and death rate of this kind of patients.
The definite effective myocardial protection and perfect and detailed preoperative treatment can reduce the possibility of operative complications and death rate of this kind of patients.
An aortic aneurysm is a general term for an enlargement (dilation) of the aorta to greater than 1.5 times normal size. Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) primarily affects the population older than 50 years, with a prevalence of approximately 5%. There are a few theories about AAA etiology. Interest in the relationship between blood type and vascular disease has been established. The aim of our study is to evaluate distribution of blood-groups among the patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) as well as to identify any kind of relationship between blood type and AAA.

The design of our research is combination of retrospective and prospective case-control study in a sample of population of Montenegro. CD532 Statistical analysis was performed in SPPS v 20.0, using the chi-square test for independent samples, with the probability level at p < 0.05 as significant, and p < 0.01 as highly significant.

O blood group was the most frequent among the examination group (53.11%), and A blood group was the most frequent among group without AAA (43.22%). Presence of AAA in individuals with O blood type was 1.46 higher than for the other blood types.

This finding leads us to suspect that O blood type can be indicator for AAA.
This finding leads us to suspect that O blood type can be indicator for AAA.
The deadly Ebola virus has been first known to mankind since 1976. In the past decades, Ebola outbreaks has often been ignored/neglected as erupted in the rural remote/isolated areas of Africa. The recent 2013-2014 epidemic is the most wide-spread with high incidence rates, morbidity and, mortality in the Ebola history. Eventually, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared it as a 'Public Health Concern of the International Community'. This scrutiny was conducted to initiate a serious debate on various aspects of Ebola, particularly blood transfusion as an empirical therapeutic modality.

A search has been performed using the premier scientific databases, WHO documents, and English language search engines. Of 278 potential articles that were identified using a fixed set of criteria, a convenience sample of eighty-two appropriate articles was chosen for this review.

The current EBO outbreak is predominantly driven by various confounding risk-factors like (1) frail health care system, (2) unique culcatastrophe. Besides, it must warrant further multi-layered interventions and interagency policies, in order to build an Ebola-free safe world in the near future.
The Ebola-hit poverty stricken West-African countries struggle to contain the outbreak, due to lack of potent therapeutics. Consequently, blood-transfusion could serve as an ideal therapeutic modality to save millions of lives. Therefore, industrialized nations and international agencies must aid them to combat with this catastrophe. Besides, it must warrant further multi-layered interventions and interagency policies, in order to build an Ebola-free safe world in the near future.
The aim of this study was to describe the clinicopathologic characteristics of pediatric tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) patients to make an accurate diagnosis.

Pediatric TPE patients who admitted to Shandong Provincial Chest Hospital were retrospectively reviewed from March 2006 to April 2015.

112 pediatric TPE patients were enrolled. The mean age was 11.6 ± 3.2 years. 60 (53.6%) patients were diagnosed as TPE, 40 (35.7%) were TPE+Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). 96 (85.7%) patients had fever (> 37°C), 81 (72.3%) had dyspnea, 63 (56.3%) had cough. Radiological test results showed effusions on the right side in 58 patients (51.8%), on the left side in 50 patients (44.6%), and on both sides in 4 patients (3.6%). 6 (5.4%) patients were acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear-positive. 16 (14.3%) PCR positive patients were identified. 41 (36.6%) TB patients were culture-positive. Almost all effusions (99.1%) had the biologic characteristics of exudates. In 91.2% of the effusions, more than 50% of leukocytes were lymphocytes.
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