Notes

Evaluation involving Arterial Designs from the Suprachiasmatic Area in the Endoscopic Endonasal Viewpoint: A new Cadaveric Bodily Study.
(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Prospective memory (PM) is a critically important component of memory that often declines in late adulthood. Implementation intentions, an encoding strategy, consisting of an explicit if-then "I will . . ." statement, has been effectively used to enhance older adults' prospective memory function. However, it remains to be established whether forming a mental representation of carrying out the task when forming the intention enhances these age effects, as well as whether the type of cue (event or time based) moderates age-related benefits. To test these questions, we randomly allocated 125 younger and 125 older adults to 1 of 5 conditions, in which they were directed to use different strategies when forming their PM intentions (Statement Only, Imagine in Game, Statement and Imagine Combined, Imagine in Daily Life, Control). The results indicated that use of the implementation intentions statement alone and in combination with forming a mental representation of carrying out the task substantially enhanced older adults' event- but not time-based PM. In addition, while the Statement Only condition reduced age-related difficulties for event-based tasks, the condition that combined this statement with visualization led to the greatest reduction in age effects. These data suggest that both rehearsing the implementations intention in the specific statement format combined with visualizing may be optimally effective for enhancing PM function in late adulthood but that the type of PM cue is an important moderator of these age effects. In addition to theoretical implications, these results may inform the refinement of interventions focused on enhancing PM function in late adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Intraindividual patterns or configurations are intuitive explanations for phenomena, and popular in both lay and research contexts. Criterion profile analysis (CPA; Davison & Davenport, 2002) is a well-established, regression-based pattern matching procedure that identifies a pattern of predictors that optimally relate to a criterion of interest and quantifies the strength of that association. Existing CPA methods require individual-level data, limiting opportunities for reanalysis of published work, including research synthesis via meta-analysis and associated corrections for psychometric artifacts. In this article, we develop methods for meta-analytic criterion profile analysis (MACPA), including new methods for estimating cross-validity and fungibility of criterion patterns. We also review key methodological considerations for applying MACPA, including homogeneity of studies in meta-analyses, corrections for statistical artifacts, and second-order sampling error. Finally, we present example applications of MACPA to published meta-analyses from organizational, educational, personality, and clinical psychological literatures. R code implementing these methods is provided in the configural package, available at https//cran.r-project.org/package=configural and at https//doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/aqmpc. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
It is well established that it is common for healthy adults to obtain one or more low scores when multiple neuropsychological tests are administered; however, very little is known about the normal frequency of high scores. The current study reports high-score base rates for the National Institutes of Health Toolbox for the Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) normative sample. We hypothesized that high scores would be common and increase in frequency with greater education and crystallized ability.

Participants (ages 20-85) completed the NIHTB-CB (2 crystallized tests and 5 fluid tests). Multivariate base rates of high age-corrected and demographic-corrected scores for the fluid tests (i.e., ≥ 50th, 63rd, 75th, 84th, 91st, 95th, 98th percentiles) were calculated with stratifications by education and crystallized ability.

High scores occurred commonly on the NIHTB-CB, with 48.9% of participants obtaining 1+ age-corrected scores at or above the 84th percentile. Hsample and increased in frequency with greater education and crystallized ability. These base rates could inform the neuropsychological assessment of high-functioning individuals, in whom the absence of high scores, as opposed to the presence of low scores, may indicate a decline in cognitive functioning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Though there is evidence to suggest that expectancies can impact outcomes of various medical and psychological treatments, little is known about the role of expectancy effects in neurocognitive interventions, such as neurofeedback for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present study investigated the effects of treatment expectancies on ADHD symptom report and neuropsychological performance by using an expectancy manipulation in the context of placebo neurofeedback.

Eighty-five young adults seeking treatment for ADHD were administered 1 session of placebo neurofeedback and randomly assigned to positive or negative expectancy groups. Primary outcome measures include ADHD symptom self-report questionnaires and neuropsychological tests.

Consistent with hypotheses, participants in the positive expectancy group who received positive false feedback reported fewer ADHD symptoms at postfeedback (
< .001, η
² = .41), whereas participants in the negative expectancy group who received negati) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Executive functions are commonly measured using rating scales and performance tests. However, replicated evidence indicates weak/nonsignificant cross-method associations that suggest divergent rather than convergent validity. The current study is the first to investigate the relative concurrent and predictive validities of executive function tests and ratings using (a) multiple gold-standard performance tests, (b) multiple standardized rating scales completed by multiple informants, and (c) both performance-based and ratings-based assessment of academic achievement-a key functional outcome with strong theoretical links to executive function.

A well-characterized sample of 136 children oversampled for ADHD and other forms of child psychopathology associated with executive dysfunction (ages 8-13; 68% Caucasian/non-Hispanic) completed a counterbalanced series of executive function and academic tests. Parents/teachers completed executive function ratings; teachers also rated children's academic performance.

t executive function tests may have superior validity for predicting academic behavior/achievement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Although pornography viewing is widespread among Internet users, no scales for measuring pornography use motivations (PUM) have been developed and psychometrically tested for use in general populations. The present work aimed to construct a measure that could reliably assess a wide range of PUM in nonspecific populations. Self-report data of 3 separate samples (N₁ = 772 [51% women], N₂ = 792 [6% women], N₃ = 1,082 [50% women]) were collected and analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, measurement invariance testing, and structural equation modeling (SEM). selleck chemicals The most common PUM were identified based on a literature review and qualitative analysis (N₁) sexual pleasure, sexual curiosity, emotional distraction or suppression, stress reduction, fantasy, boredom avoidance, lack of sexual satisfaction, and self-exploration. Items were constructed, and confirmatory factor analyses (N₂ and N₃) yielded strong psychometric properties. Further corroborating the structural validity of the Pornography Use Motivations Scale (PUMS), gender-based measurement invariance was tested, and associations of the frequency of pornography use (FPU), problematic pornography use (PPU), and PUM were examined. Men-compared to women-demonstrated higher scores on all motivations except for sexual curiosity and self-exploration. Based on the results of SEM, we found that sexual pleasure, boredom avoidance, and stress reduction motivations showed positive, weak-to-moderate associations with FPU. Motivations relating to stress reduction, emotional distraction or suppression, boredom avoidance, fantasy, and sexual pleasure had positive, weak-to-moderate associations with PPU. The PUMS is a reliable scale to assess the most common PUM in general populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Previous studies have conducted tests of measurement invariance (MI) when comparing depressive symptoms across race groups. However, investigations that explore potential within-group differences remain scant. Thus, the current study sought to uncover whether noninvariance exists when using the 12-item CES-D to measure depressive symptoms in African American women and men.

Responses from a nationally representative sample of 1,271 African American men and 2,299 African American women who participated in the National Survey of American Life (2001-2003) were analyzed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to first assess dimensionality of the 12-item CES-D. Next MI tests were performed to determine whether the factor structure differed for men and women.

The 2-factor model was retained, and partial metric invariance was achieved. Noninvariance was found in 2 loadings and some of the thresholds.

Results suggest that noninvariance may help explain disparate rates of depressive symptoms among African American men and women. Additional consideration should be given before comparing latent mean scores across groups. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Results suggest that noninvariance may help explain disparate rates of depressive symptoms among African American men and women. Additional consideration should be given before comparing latent mean scores across groups. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Researchers commonly employ observational methods, in which partners discuss topics of concern to them, to test gender differences and other within-couple differences in couple conflict behavior. We describe a previously unidentified assumption upon which statistical tests in these observational studies are frequently reliant whether each partner is more concerned or dissatisfied with the topic selected for them than the partner is. We term this the relative importance assumption and show that common procedures for selecting conflict discussion topics can lead to widespread violations of the assumption in empirical studies. Study 1 conducts a systematic review of the literature and finds that few existing studies ensure relative importance is met. Study 2 uses two empirical samples to estimate how often relative importance is violated when not ensured, finding it is violated in one third of interaction tasks. Study 3 examines the potential consequences of violating the relative importance assumption when testing within-couple differences in observed behavior, focusing on gender differences in the demand/withdraw pattern. Results show that these tests were profoundly impacted by violations of relative importance. In light of these violations, we conduct a more rigorous test of demand/withdraw theories and clarify previously inconsistent results in the literature. We recommend explicit consideration of relative importance for studies testing within-couple effects, provide methodological recommendations for selecting topics in future studies, and discuss implications for clinical practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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