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Minimizing the electricity expense of jogging employing a lightweight, low-profile supple exosuit.
The reliability of the new system has also been verified.Skin reactions are well described complications of tattooing, usually provoked by red inks. Chemical characterizations of these inks are usually based on limited subjects and techniques. This study aimed to determine the organic and inorganic composition of inks using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES) and Raman spectroscopy, in a cohort of patients with cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to tattoo. A retrospective multicenter study was performed, including 15 patients diagnosed with skin reactions to tattoos. Almost half of these patients developed skin reactions on black inks. XRF identified known allergenic metals - titanium, chromium, manganese, nickel and copper - in almost all cases. XANES spectroscopy distinguished zinc and iron present in ink from these elements in endogenous biomolecules. Raman spectroscopy showed the presence of both reported (azo pigments, quinacridone) and unreported (carbon black, phtalocyanine) putative organic sensitizer compounds, and also defined the phase in which Ti was engaged. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper reports the largest cohort of skin hypersensitivity reactions analyzed by multiple complementary techniques. With almost half the patients presenting skin reaction on black tattoo, the study suggests that black modern inks should also be considered to provoke skin reactions, probably because of the common association of carbon black with potential allergenic metals within these inks. Analysis of more skin reactions to tattoos is needed to identify the relevant chemical compounds and help render tattoo ink composition safer.Brownian motion of Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) in water was measured using small-angle X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (SA-XPCS) at 19.2 µs time resolution. It was found that the decorrelation time τ(Q) = 1/DQ2 up to Q = 0.091 nm-1. The hydrodynamic radius RH determined from XPCS using Stokes-Einstein diffusion D = kT/(6πηRH) is 43% larger than the geometric radius R0 determined from SAXS in the 0.007 M K3PO4 buffer solution, whereas it is 80% larger for CPMV in 0.5 M NaCl and 104% larger in 0.5 M (NH4)2SO4, a possible effect of aggregation as well as slight variation of the structures of the capsid resulting from the salt-protein interactions.As synchrotron facilities continue to generate increasingly brilliant X-rays and detector speeds increase, swift data reduction from the collected area detector images to more workable 1D diffractograms becomes of increasing importance. This work reports an integration algorithm that can integrate diffractograms in real time on modern laptops and can reach 10 kHz integration speeds on modern workstations using an efficient pixel-splitting and parallelization scheme. This algorithm is limited not by the computation of the integration itself but is rather bottlenecked by the speed of the data transfer to the processor, the data decompression and/or the saving of results. The algorithm and its implementation is described while the performance is investigated on 2D scanning X-ray diffraction/fluorescence data collected at the interface between an implant and forming bone.A picosecond pump-probe resonant soft X-ray scattering measurement system has been developed at the Photon Factory storage ring for highly efficient data collection. A high-repetition-rate high-power compact laser system has been installed to improve efficiency via flexible data acquisition to a sub-MHz frequency in time-resolved experiments. Data are acquired by gating the signal of a channel electron multiplier with a pulse-counting mode capable of discriminating single-bunch soft X-ray pulses in the dark gap of the hybrid operation mode in the storage ring. The photoinduced dynamics of magnetic order for multiferroic manganite SmMn2O5 are clearly demonstrated by the detection of transient changes in the resonant soft X-ray scattering intensity around the Mn LIII- and O K-edges.X-ray diffraction with high spatial resolution is commonly used to characterize (poly)crystalline samples with, for example, respect to local strain, residual stress, grain boundaries and texture. However, the investigation of highly absorbing samples or the simultaneous assessment of high-Z materials by X-ray fluorescence have been limited due to the utilization of low photon energies. Here, a goniometer-based setup implemented at the P06 beamline of PETRA III that allows for micrometre spatial resolution with a photon energy of 35 keV and above is reported. A highly focused beam was achieved by using compound refractive lenses, and high-precision sample manipulation was enabled by a goniometer that allows up to 5D scans (three rotations and two translations). As experimental examples, the determination of local strain variations in martensitic steel samples with micrometre spatial resolution, as well as the simultaneous elemental distribution for high-Z materials in a thin-film solar cell, are demonstrated. The proposed approach allows users from the materials-science community to determine micro-structural properties even in highly absorbing samples.The new generation of synchrotron light sources are pushing X-ray detectors to their limits. Very demanding conditions with unprecedented flux and higher operating energies now require high-performance X-ray detectors combining sensitivity, efficiency and scalability. Over the years, hybrid pixel detectors have supplemented indirect detectors based on scintillation, with undeniable advantages. Such detectors based on silicon are, however, rather expensive to produce and are no more satisfying in terms of X-ray stopping power when targeting energies above 20 keV. An indirect detector with single X-ray photon sensitivity therefore offers promising opportunities for applications operating over a wide range of energies and fluxes. In this work, the performances of such an approach are investigated with state-of-the-art elements a commercial sCMOS camera with fiber-optics plate coupling and a Gd2O2STb powder-based scintillator. A simple method is presented for evaluation of the single X-ray photon detection limit and single X-ray sensitivity is demonstrated with the studied detector above 20 keV. Geant4 simulations also provide insight to better define the limiting factors. Finally, guidelines are provided for future R&D in the design and assembly of an innovative detector combining advantages of direct and indirect detection schemes.Speckle-based at-wavelength metrology techniques now play an important role in X-ray wavefront measurements. However, for reflective X-ray optics, the majority of existing speckle-based methods fail to provide reliable 2D information about the optical surface being characterized. Compared with the 1D information typically output from speckled-based methods, a 2D map is more informative for understanding the overall quality of the optic being tested. AZD9291 In this paper, we propose a method for in situ 2D absolute metrology of weakly focusing X-ray mirrors. Importantly, the angular misalignment of the mirror can be easily corrected with the proposed 2D processing procedure. We hope the speckle pattern data processing method presented here will help to extend this technique to wider applications in the synchrotron radiation and X-ray free-electron laser communities.The use of polycapillary optics in confocal micro-X-ray fluorescence analysis (CMXRF) enables the destruction-free 3D investigation of the elemental composition of samples. The energy-dependent transmission properties, concerning intensity and spatial beam propagation of three polycapillary half lenses, which are vital for the quantitative interpretation of such CMXRF measurements, are investigated in a monochromatic confocal laboratory setup at the Atominstitut of TU Wien, and a synchrotron setup on the BAMline beamline at the BESSY II Synchrotron, Helmholtz-Zentrum-Berlin. The empirically established results, concerning the intensity of the transmitted beam, are compared with theoretical values calculated with the polycap software package and a newly presented analytical model for the transmission function. The resulting form of the newly modelled energy-dependent transmission function is shown to be in good agreement with Monte Carlo simulated results for the complete energy regime, as well as the empirically established results for the energy regime between 6 keV and 20 keV. An analysis of possible fabrication errors was conducted via pinhole scans showing only minor fabrication errors in two of the investigated polycapillary optics. The energy-dependent focal spot size of the primary polycapillary was investigated in the laboratory via the channel-wise evaluation of knife-edge scans. Experimental results are compared with data given by the manufacturer as well as geometric estimations for the minimal focal spot size. Again, the resulting measurement points show a trend in agreement with geometrically estimated results and manufacturer data.Machine learning has recently been applied and deployed at several light source facilities in the domain of accelerator physics. Here, an approach based on machine learning to produce a fast-executing model is introduced that predicts the polarization and energy of the radiated light produced at an insertion device. This paper demonstrates how a machine learning model can be trained on simulated data and later calibrated to a smaller, limited measured data set, a technique referred to as transfer learning. This result will enable users to efficiently determine the insertion device settings for achieving arbitrary beam characteristics.A new algorithm to perform coherent mode decomposition of undulator radiation is proposed. It is based on separating the horizontal and vertical directions, reducing the problem by working with one-dimension wavefronts. The validity conditions of this approximation are discussed. Simulations require low computer resources and run interactively on a laptop. The focusing with lenses of the radiation emitted by an undulator in a fourth-generation storage ring (EBS-ESRF) is studied. Results are compared against multiple optics packages implementing a variety of methods for dealing with partial coherence full two-dimension coherent mode decomposition, Monte Carlo combination of wavefronts from electrons entering the undulator with different initial conditions, and hybrid ray-tracing correcting geometrical optics with wave optics.Soft X-ray monochromators for synchrotron radiation sources have been continuously developed over the years, improving energy resolution and stability. Great effort has been made in improving the surface quality of the optics involved, reaching values permitting diffraction-limited images. Still, one problem has not been solved, nor fully understood, yet groove placing errors. Nowadays, these are one of the major factors responsible for resolving the power reduction of diffraction-gratings-based X-ray monochromators. Despite decades of use of gratings, there is not yet a universally established method for predicting and simulating the effect of groove placing errors on monochromator performance. This is especially important in the new scenario of high-coherent X-ray sources, i.e. diffraction-limited storage rings and free-electron lasers. To address this problem, in this article an approach based on WISER (Wavefront propagatIon Simulation codE libRary) is presented. WISER is a physical optics simulation package, also available in the user-friendly Orange Synchrotron Radiation Suite - OASYS.
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