Notes

Digital camera Gonioscopy depending on Three-dimensional Anterior Part Visual Coherence Tomography: an international multicenter research.
Children's executive function (EF) may be negatively affected by their exposure to traumatic events. However, few investigations have examined the relations between EF and the associated developmental outcomes of young children exposed to trauma. Likewise, although growing evidence highlights intergenerational associations between caregiver and child EF, these associations remain unexplored among preschool-aged children exposed to trauma. The current study used a multimethod approach to test the direct and indirect associations of children's trauma symptomatology, caregiver and child EF, and children's concurrent behavioral and cognitive functioning in a sample of trauma-exposed, preschool-aged children (N = 109; Mage = 52.11 months, SD = 12.19) and their caregivers. Results indicated positive associations between children's trauma symptomatology and their behavior problems, positive associations between caregiver and child performance on tasks of EF, and positive associations between children's EF and a latent factor of cognitive functioning indicated by children's performance on standardized tests of IQ and receptive vocabulary. However, the hypothesized indirect effects of caregiver and child EF were not supported. Implications for clinical interventions with young children and families exposed to trauma are discussed.A central challenge in language acquisition is the integration of multiple sources of information, potentially in conflict, to acquire new knowledge and adjust current linguistic representations. One way to accomplish this is to assign more weight to more reliable sources of information in context. We tested the hypothesis that children adjust the weight of different sources of information during learning, considering two specific sources of information their knowledge of the meaning of familiar words (semantics) and their familiarity with syntax. We varied the reliability of these sources of information through an induction phase (reliable syntax or reliable semantics). At test, French 4- and 5-year-old children and adults listened to sentences where information provided by these two cues conflicted and were asked to choose between two videos that illustrate the sentence. One video presented the reasonable choice if the sentence is assumed to be syntactically correct, but familiar words refer to novel things (e.g., une mange-"an eats" describes a novel object). The other video was the reasonable choice if the sentence is assumed to be syntactically incorrect and familiar words' meaning is preserved (e.g., "an eats" describes a girl eating and actually should have been "she eats"). As predicted, the proportion of syntactic choices (e.g., interpreting mange-"eats" as a novel noun) was found to be higher in the reliable syntax condition than in the reliable semantics condition, showing that children and adults can adapt their expectations to the reliability of sources of information.
Ellipticals are used to address walking and cardiorespiratory training goals of older adults, some of whom are at risk for foot injuries. Variations in joint kinematics and muscle demands when using different ellipticals could lead to plantar pressure differences. This study explored plantar pressure variables during gait and use of four ellipticals.

Plantar pressures were recorded while 10 adults [68.1 (4.5) years] walked and used the True, Octane, Life Fitness, and SportsArt ellipticals. Repeated-measures ANOVAs (5×1) identified forefoot and heel differences across conditions.

Maximum forefoot forces and peak pressures were significantly lower than walking for each elliptical condition with one exception (Life Fitness peak pressure). However, sustained elliptical pedal contact time contributed to forefoot pressure-time integrals and dosages (i.e., cumulative pressure during one minute of activity) not varying significantly amongst elliptical and walking conditions. Heel maximum forces and peak pressurese findings point to the importance of carefully initiating elliptical training programs to minimize tissue injury, particularly if sensory neuropathy is present.Once in the female reproductive tract, spermatozoa undergo several modifications to acquire their complete fertilizing ability. Interactions between the oviductal fluid (OF) and gametes contribute to a successful fertilization. Recently, oviductal extracellular vesicles have been identified as an important part of the OF but their interactions with gametes are not fully understood. In the present study, we aim at determining the patterns of interactions between porcine oviductal extracellular vesicles (poEVs) and gametes (spermatozoa and oocytes). Moreover, we evaluate the effect of poEVs on sperm survival and motility to better understand the mechanisms by which poEVs modulate the processes leading to fertilization. Evaluation of poEVs uptake by spermatozoa showed that poEVs bind to spermatozoa in a time and dose dependent manner. Co-incubation of spermatozoa with poEVs (0.2 μg/μL) increased fresh and frozen sperm survival after 6 and 17 h, respectively. By contrast, poEVs supplementation reduced the total and progressive sperm motility after 2 h. Additionally, we demonstrated that poEVs interacted with the cumulus cells, zona pellucida (ZP) and oocyte, being able to cross the ZP. Besides, we showed that poEVs delivered their cargo into the oocyte, by the transfer of OVGP1 protein. WM-1119 In conclusion, our results demonstrated that poEVs are able to interact with both gametes. Besides, the findings from the present study showed that poEVs may participate in maintaining sperm viability and reducing motility, functions associated with the oviduct sperm reservoir. Although further investigations are needed, our results indicate that poEVs can be a potential tool to improve sperm life span during sperm handling and enhance IVF outcomes.An emerging Multi-Ion Toxicity (MIT) model for assessment of environmental salt pollution is based on the premise that major ion toxicity to aquatic organisms is related to a critical disturbance of the trans-epithelial potential across the gills (ΔTEP), which can be predicted by electrochemical theory. However, the model has never been evaluated physiologically. We directly tested key assumptions by examining the individual effects of eight different salts (NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, MgSO4, KCl, K2SO4, CaCl2, and CaSO4) on measured TEP in three different fish species (fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas = FHM; channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus = CC; bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus = BG). A geometric concentration series based on previously reported 96-h LC50 values for FHM was used. All salts caused concentration-dependent increases in TEP to less negative/more positive values in a pattern well-described by the Michaelis-Menten equation. The ΔTEP responses for different salts were similar to one another within each species when concentrations were expressed as a percentage of the FHM LC50.
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