Notes

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cereus. The results of this study not only provide a comprehensive view of proteomic changes in B. cereus upon MG loading but also shed light on the mechanism underlying MG biodegradation by B. cereus.Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and led to mass casualty. Even though much effort has been put into development of vaccine and treatment methods to combat COVID-19, no safe and efficient cure has been discovered. Drug repurposing or drug repositioning which is a process of investigating pre-existing drug candidates for novel applications outside their original medical indication can speed up the drug development process. Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that has been approved by FDA in 1997 for treatment and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and cancer. Recently, raloxifene demonstrates efficacy in treating viral infections by Ebola, influenza A, and hepatitis C viruses and shows potential for drug repurposing for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review will provide an overview of raloxifene's mechanism of action as a SERM and present proposed mechanisms of action in treatment of viral infections.In recent years, the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens is increasing rapidly. There is growing concern as the development of antibiotics is slower than the increase in the resistance of pathogenic bacteria. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising alternatives to antibiotics. Despite their name, which implies their antimicrobial activity, AMPs have recently been rediscovered as compounds having antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, antioxidant, and insecticidal effects. Moreover, many AMPs are relatively safe from toxic side effects and the generation of resistant microorganisms due to their target specificity and complexity of the mechanisms underlying their action. In this review, we summarize the history, classification, and mechanisms of action of AMPs, and provide descriptions of AMPs undergoing clinical trials. We also discuss the obstacles associated with the development of AMPs as therapeutic agents and recent strategies formulated to circumvent these obstacles.The luminal uterine epithelial cells are the first point of contact with the implanting blastocyst. Dramatic changes occur in the structure and function of these cells at the time of receptivity including changes in the lateral junctional complex. While these morphological changes are important for uterine receptivity, currently there is no known mechanism of regulation of the lateral junctional complexes. Rab13, a member of the Rab (Ras-related in the brain) family of GTPases has a critical role in endosomal trafficking to the lateral plasma membrane and is involved in modulation of the tight junction in several cell types. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of Rab13 in changes to the lateral junctional complex at the time of receptivity. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated no association between Rab13 and ZO-1 (a tight junction protein) or Rab13 and E-cadherin (an integral component of adherens junctions). Co-localisation was demonstrated between Rab 13 and desmoglein-2 at the time of fertilization and also at receptivity suggesting involvement of Rab13 in relocalisation of desmoglein-2 and formation of giant desmosomes in the apical part of the lateral plasma membrane at the time of uterine receptivity. We suggest that despite the loss of the adherens junction at the time of receptivity, the presently reported redistribution of desmosomes regulated by Rab13 allows the uterine epithelium to maintain structural integrity.A single-center retrospective study reviewed the following sonographic features of 18 confirmed cases of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis to identify shared presentation patterns echotexture, lesion borders, hypodermal involvement, soft-tissue changes, and vascular pattern. A second objective was to correlate these patterns with clinical characteristics, including sex, age, anatomical location, nodule vs. plaque presentation, raised borders, granulation tissue, swelling, hyperkeratotic crusting, disease onset, and healing time. Two main patterns were identified with high-frequency ultrasonography. The first pattern was characterized by a high level of inflammation and deep hypodermal involvement, while the second variant showed involvement limited to the dermis, with minimal inflammation. The "inflammatory pattern" showed ill-defined borders, mixed echotexture, prominent vascularity with central distribution, and was correlated with clinical signs of ulceration, granulation tissue, raised borders, and longer healing time (p  less then  0.05). The "pauci-inflammatory pattern" presented a well-defined structure with decreased echogenicity, reduced or absent vascularity with minimal soft-tissue changes, and was associated with a shorter healing time (p  less then  0.05).Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a widely studied and highly prevalent condition. However, few are reported about the exact efficacy and safety of fundoplication (FPT) compared to oral intake proton-pump inhibitors (PPI). This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCT) aims to compare PPI and FPT in relation to the efficacy, as well as the adverse events associated with these therapies. SB202190 p38 MAPK inhibitor Search carried out in June 2020 was conducted on Medline, Cochrane, EMBASE and LILACS. Selection was restricted to RCT comparing PPI and FPT (open or laparoscopic) in GERD patients. Certainty of evidence and risk of bias were assessed with GRADE Pro and with Review Manager Version 5.4 bias assessment tool. Ten RCT were included. Meta-analysis showed that heartburn (RD =  - 0.19; 95% CI =  - 0.29, - 0.09) was less frequently reported by patients that underwent FPT. Furthermore, patients undergoing surgery had greater pressure on the lower esophageal sphincter than those who used PPI (MD = 7.81; 95% CI 4.79, 10.83). Finally, FPT did not increase significantly the risk for adverse events such as postoperative dysphagia and impaired belching. FPT is a more effective therapy than PPI treatment for GERD, without significantly increasing the risk for adverse events. However, before indicating a possible surgical approach, it is extremely important to correctly assess and select the patients who would benefit from FPT to ensure better results.
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