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Retrospective Cohort Review of Frequency and also Habits of Orbital Injuries on Whole-Body CT along with Maxillofacial Multi-Slice CT.
The findings confirmed the traumatic effects of natural hazards, such as loss of property, crops and livestock, physical injuries and even death. The main finding established that natural hazards should be managed in a collaborative way between formal experts of natural hazards and community members through ABCD principles and methods in building resilient communities.This article focuses on drought risk reduction and climate change adaptation strategies adopted by rural households to sustain their livelihood activities. The overall objective was to understand the local household's responses to the changing climate especially drought. The study was carried out in Chirumhanzu district in Zimbabwe and used a mixed methods approach combining 217 household surveys, targeted focus group discussions, participatory learning actions methods, key informant interviews and a document review. Household data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences and thematic content analysis was used for the qualitative data. We found that the majority of households showed awareness of several risk reduction and adaptation strategies to implement during and/or when drought was predicted, with 56% of the respondents stating stocking of grain as initial strategy. Other strategies adopted at household level included early planting (at first rains), conservation farming, planting small grains and dry planting. Indigenous and traditional knowledge systems and practices, including local people's holistic view of the community and environment, were a major resource for adapting to climate change and drought risks. However, these indigenous knowledge systems and practices had not been consistently used in the existing adaptation and risk-reduction efforts. Indigenous knowledge was not sufficiently acknowledged and integrated into formal risk reduction and adaptation strategies, which resulted in limited success for external interventions. There is need for integration of local and indigenous knowledge systems and external interventions to build household livelihoods that are resilient to climate risks.Despite near universal access to electricity in Cape Town, usage of informal electrical connections and nonelectric energy sources remains high and pose significant fire risk to such households. This research set out to examine the energy sources being utilised by low-income households in Lwandle, Nomzamo and Asanda Village to understand the factors that influence these energy use choices and what implications these energy choices have for fire risk. This research utilised a mixture of qualitative and quantitative data collection methods including focus group sessions with residents and a household survey to collect information on household energy use strategies, perceptions of safety and accessibility of energy sources and experiences of energy-related fires from residents residing in different types of dwellings. The research observed that despite high access to electricity, household utilisation is constrained by economic and physical factors. Consequently, they are forced to resort to employing an energy stacking approach, alternating between electric and nonelectric energy sources, which include usage of cheaper yet potentially hazardous energy sources such as paraffin (kerosene), candles, firewood, coal and gas to meet their daily energy needs. A potential consequence of this energy stacking approach employed by households to meet their energy needs is that the majority of households continue to face the risk of a dwelling fire caused by nonelectric energy sources. Whereas nonelectric energy sources were both perceived and experienced by residents as the main cause of dwelling fires in the study site, electricity was found to contribute to a number of dwelling fires, with a slight increase in the number of fires caused by electric sources observed over the last few years.In the last decade, Eswatini has been affected by moderate to severe droughts, leading to huge impacts on the economic, environmental and societal sectors. learn more The frequency and magnitude of drought have also increased, emphasising on the importance of drought monitoring. In view of the impacts of drought, it is of critical importance to monitor drought in near real-time and provide early warning information to stakeholders. The challenge however is the fragmentation of climatic data collection, the lack of agreed indicators and the poor coordination amongst institutions resulting in drought management being reactive, or 'crisis management' approach. A paradigm shift to a more risk reduction approach is therefore required to enable cost-effective and timely response to drought disasters. The capacity to monitor and predict the drought attributes (onset, frequency, duration and severity) is fundamental for spatiotemporal (drought) monitoring. Based on a review of country and regional networks, this research developed an integrated drought monitoring and early warning framework for Eswatini. The framework incorporated an early warning response trigger threshold derived from an integration of the standardised precipitation index and normalised difference vegetation index. The adoption of the framework allows for early warning and early action to mitigate the consequences of drought disasters. Drought preparedness and risk mitigation will help lower the eventual drought relief costs, protect food security and reduce the humanitarian impact on the population.The review is devoted to current and promising areas of application of graphene and materials based on it for generating environmentally friendly hydrogen energy. Analysis of the results of theoretical and experimental studies of hydrogen accumulation in graphene materials confirms the possibility of creating on their basis systems for reversible hydrogen storage, which combine high capacity, stability, and the possibility of rapid hydrogen evolution under conditions acceptable for practical use. Recent advances in the development of chemically and heat-resistant graphene-based membrane materials make it possible to create new gas separation membranes that provide high permeability and selectivity and are promising for hydrogen purification in processes of its production from natural gas. The characteristics of polymer membranes that are currently used in industry for the most part can be significantly improved with small additions of graphene materials. The use of graphene-like materials as a support of nanoparticles or as functional additives in the composition of the electrocatalytic layer in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells makes it possible to improve their characteristics and to increase the activity and stability of the electrocatalyst in the reaction of oxygen evolution.
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