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Architectural along with Practical Portrayal of the JH2 Pseudokinase Area associated with JAK Household Tyrosine Kinase Only two (TYK2).
Drought is the main limiting factor of maize productivity, therefore improving drought tolerance in maize has potential practical importance. Cloning and functional verification of drought-tolerant genes is of great importance to understand molecular mechanisms under drought stress. Here, we employed a bioinformatic pipeline to identify 42 ZmHDZ drought responsive genes using previously reported maize transcriptomic datasets. The coding sequences, exon-intron structure and domain organization of all the 42 genes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed evolutionary conservation of members of the ZmHDZ genes in maize. Several regulatory elements associated with drought tolerance were identified in the promoter regions of ZmHDZ genes, indicating the implication of these genes in plant response to drought stress. 42 ZmHDZ genes were distributed unevenly on 10 chromosomes, and 24 pairs of gene duplications were the segmental duplication. The expression of several ZmHDZ genes was upregulated under drought stress, and ZmHDZ9 overexpressing transgenic plants exhibited higher SOD and POD activities and higher accumulation of soluble proteins under drought stress which resulted in enhanced developed phenotype and improved resistance. The present study provides evidence for the evolutionary conservation of HD-ZIP transcription factors homologs in maize. The results further provide a comprehensive insight into the roles of ZmHDZ genes in regulating drought stress tolerance in maize.Nanotechnology has become one of the several approaches attempting to ameliorate the severe effect of drought on plant's production and to increase the plants tolerance against water deficit for the water economy. In this research, the effect of foliar application of TiO2, nanoparticles or ordinary TiO2, on Helianthus annuus subjected to different levels of water deficit was studied. Cell membrane injury increased by increasing the level of water deficit and TiO2 concentration, and both types of TiO2 affected the leaves in analogous manner. Ord-TiO2 increased H2O2 generation by 67-240% and lipid peroxidation by 4-67% in leaves. These increases were more than that induced by Nano-TiO2 and the effect was concentration dependent. Proline significantly increased in leaves by water deficit stress, reaching at 25% field capacity (FC) to more than fivefold compared to that in plants grown on full FC. Spraying plants with water significantly decreased the activities of enzymes in the water deficit stressed roots. The water deficit stress exerted the highest magnitude of effect on the changes of cell membrane injury, MDA, proline content, and activities of CAT and GPX. Nano-TiO2 was having the highest effect on contents of H2O2 and GPX activity. In roots, the level of water deficit causes highest effect on enzyme activities, but TiO2 influenced more on the changes of MDA and H2O2 contents. GPX activity increased by 283% in leaves of plants treated with 50 and 150 ppm Nano-TiO2, while increased by 170% in those treated with Ord-TiO2, but APX and CAT activities increased by 17-197%, in average, with Ord-TiO2. This study concluded that Nano-TiO2 didn't ameliorate the effects of drought stress on H. annuus but additively increased the stress, so its use in nano-phytotechnology mustn't be expanded without extensive studies.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01153-z.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01153-z.Rhynchophylline (RIN) and isorhynchophylline (IRN), the main medicinal components in plant Uncaria rhynchophylla, have potential effects on Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the influence of environmental factors, especially light intensity, on the production of these active ingredients will help to improve cultivation techniques. Compared with the 100% light intensity (CK), the contents of RIN and IRN in U. rhynchophylla leaves significantly increased at 20% light intensity (HS) after 7 and 21 days. Short-term shading (21d) changed some morphological indicators of U. rhynchophylla, but did not affect its biomass. Transcriptome profile analysis was performed on data from two groups (7 and 21 days) of CK and HS samples and yielded 79,817 unigenes with an average length of 1023 bp. Concurrently, 2391 and 2136 differentially expressed genes were identified in the transcriptome data for, respectively, 7 and 21 days of shade treatment. Notably, unigenes known to be involved upstream in the biosynthesis of RIN and IRN, such as G8O, IO, 7-DLGT, LAMT, TDC, and STR, were mostly upregulated. Mineralocorticoid Receptor antagonist In addition, 1065 putative transcription factors (TFs) were identified and grouped into 55 TF families; 26 TFs showed differential expression in the shade treatment after 7 and 21 days. HY5 and PIFs, two important TFs of the light signaling pathway, also showed differential expression. This study provides insight into how gene expression was affected by light intensity during RIN and IRN accumulation in U. rhynchophylla.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01142-2.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01142-2.In the present study, green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NP) using Eucalyptus lanceolatus (leaf litter) extract was explored after characterization with UV spectrophotometery, Fourier Transform Infrared analysis, X-ray diffraction and TEM studies. ZnO NPs stability was ensured with - 32.1 mV zeta potential, while TEM showed ZnO NP as hexagonal structure (100 nm). In vitro antimicrobial activity showed potential of ZnO NP against pathogens causing diseases in maize plants. Both in vitro and in vivo studies of ZnO NP and ZnSO4 (200 ppm and 400 ppm) over a two year period (2019, 2020) were conducted on Zea mays L. var. PG2458. ZnO NP seed priming improved seed vigor index, germination percentage, shoot and root length and fresh biomass. Foliar application improved stem diameter and leaf surface area. Physiological status was relatively better, while reproductive attributes got altered to guide resource allocation for better cob growth and biomass with ZnO NP. Leaf, cob, grain and total Zn was maximum for 200 ppm ZnO NP. Translocation of Zn from leaf to cob and cob to grain was faster for ZnO NP compared to ZnSO4. Higher concentration (400 ppm) of ZnO NPs and ZnSO4 proved phytotoxic for plant growth attributes.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01136-0.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01136-0.Studies on specialized metabolites like phenolics are of immense interest owing to their significance to agriculture, nutrition and health. In plants, phenolics accumulate and exhibit spatial and temporal regulations in response to growth conditions. Robust methodologies aimed at efficient extraction of plant phenolics, their qualitative and quantitative analysis is desired. We optimized the analytical and experimental bottlenecks that captured free, ester, glycoside and wall-bound phenolics after acid or alkali treatments of the tissue extracts and subsequent GC-MS analysis. Higher recovery of phenolics from the methanolic extracts was achieved through (a) Ultrasonication assisted extraction along with Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) enrichment (b) nitrogen gas drying and (c) their derivatization using MSTFA for GC-MS analysis. The optimized protocol was tested on Arabidopsis rosette exposed to UV-B radiation (280-315 nm) which triggered enhanced levels of 11 monophenols and might be attributed to photoprotection and other physiological roles. Interestingly, coumaric acid (308 m/z) and caffeic acid (396 m/z) levels were enhanced by 12-14 folds under UV-B. Other phenolics such as cinnamic acid (220 m/z), hydroxybenzoic acid (282 m/z), vanillic acid (312 m/z, gallic acid (458 m/z), ferulic acid (338 m/z), benzoic acid (194 m/z), sinapinic acid (368 m/z) and protocatechuic acid (370 m/z) also showed elevated levels by about 1 to 4 folds. The protocol also comprehensively captured the variations in the levels of ester, glycoside and wall-bounded phenolics with high reproducibility and sensitivity. The robust method of extraction and GC-MS analysis can readily be adopted for studying phenolics in plant systems.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01150-2.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01150-2.Bacterial blight, one of the oldest and most severe diseases of rice poses a major threat to global rice production and food security. Thereafter, sustainable management of this disease has given paramount importance globally. In the current study, we explored 792 landraces to evaluate their disease reaction status against three highly virulent strains (BXo69, BXo87 and BXo93) of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Subsequently, we intended to identify the possible candidate resistant (R) genes responsible for the resistant reaction using six STS (Sequence Tagged Site) markers correspond to Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13, Xa21 and Xa23 genes and finally, we evaluated morphological variability of the potential bacterial blight resistant germplasm using quantitative traits. Based on pathogenicity test, a single germplasm was found as highly resistant while, 33 germplasm were resistant and 40 were moderately resistant. Further molecular study on these 74 germplasm divulged that 41 germplasm carried Xa4 gene, 15 carried xaontains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01139-x.Huanglongbing (HLB) is a highly destructive disease that decreases the yield and quality of Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle (C. medica var. sarcodactylis) and poses a great threat to the development of the global citrus industry. To explore the influence of HLB infection on C. medica var. sarcodactylis, levels of photosynthetic pigments, malondialdehyde (MDA), and carbohydrates, as well as antioxidant enzyme activities, were measured. The results show that HLB infection decreased photosynthetic pigment content, increased MDA content and antioxidant enzyme activities, and caused various changes in carbohydrate levels in stem, fruit, and leaf tissues. Transcriptomic analysis of C. medica var. sarcodactylis was also used to identify key genes related to the carbohydrate metabolic synthesis pathway in C. medica var. sarcodactylis. The C. medica var. sarcodactylis ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase1 (CmAGP1), CmAGP2, C. medica var. sarcodactylis Granule-bound starch synthase (CmGBSS), C. medica var. sarcodactylis Sucrose synthases1 (CmSUS1), CmSUS2, C. medica var. sarcodactylis Sucrose phosphate synthase (CmSPS), C. medica var. sarcodactylis alkaline/neutral invertase1 (CmNi1), CmNi2, CmNi3 and CmNi4 were successfully cloned and identified, and differential expression analysis showed that HLB infection significantly upregulated these genes in stems and leaves. In conclusion, HLB infection causes cellular damage, a reduction in photosynthetic capacity, decreased pathogen resistance, and severe disorders in carbohydrate metabolism in C. medica var. sarcodactylis.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01129-z.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01129-z.
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