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As an important cultivated germplasm, cultivar 'White' (Actinidia eriantha) is appreciated by kiwifruit breeders because of its long shelf life, richness in ascorbic acid and peelable skin. In May 2020, about 1% to 3% of cultivated 'White' plants displayed typical symptoms of flower rot at farms in Hefei (117°25'E, 31°86'N) and Lujiang (117°27'E, 31°48'N), Anhui Province of China (Fig.1a&b). The infected flowers were yellowish at first, gradually turned brown, withered and shrunk, and finally died without blossoming. Infected flowers were surface sterilized in 70% alcohol for 30 s and 1% NaOCl for 3 min, then washed with double distilled water (ddH2O) for 5 times, and finally incubated in potato dextrose agar at 25 ± 2°C in the dark. Twenty fungal isolates were obtained and their colonies showed slightly raised center with dense and cotton-like mycelium. Colonies from Hefei (HF1~HF9) appeared pale yellow (Fig.1c), and those from Lujiang (LJ1~LJ11) showed purplish-red on PDA (Fig.1d). Two types of colonies groF-1α (AF212452), RPB1 (JX171459), and RPB2 (MW233412) of F. asiaticum isolates. F. asiaticum species-specific primers were used to detect LJ isolates (Yin et al. 2009), and the correct fragments were amplified (Fig.1o). Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on the tandem nucleotide sequences. Thus, both morphological and molecular criteria supported identification of HF group as F. Luffae (Fig.2a) and LJ group as F. asiaticum (Fig.2b). Fusarium spp. causing flower rot on many hosts have been previously reported (W. Elmer, et al. 2019; Liu, et al. 2021), but this is the first report of F. luffae and F. asiaticum on 'White' kiwifruit in China.
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented health, social, and economic unrest globally, particularly affecting resource-limited low-middle-income countries. The resultant curfew had made the access to and delivery of cancer care services an arduous task. We have reported the patterns of care and 1-year outcome of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treatment before and during COVID-19 lockdown at our institution.

Patients who underwent radiation therapy (RT) for nonmetastatic HNSCC between March 1, 2020, and July 31, 2020, were included in the COVID-RT group, and those who were treated between October 1, 2019, and February 29, 2020, were included in the preCOVID-RT group.

A total of 25 patients were in the COVID-RT group, and 51 patients were in the preCOVID-RT group. An increase in the incidence of locally advanced cancers across all subsites was observed in the COVID-RT group. There was a steep increase in the median overall RT treatment duration (52
44) and median break days during h that of the pre-COVID-19 times; however, longer follow-up is warranted.Direct lineage conversion holds great promise in the regenerative medicine field for restoring damaged tissues using functionally engineered counterparts. However, current methods of direct lineage conversion, even those using virus-mediated transgenic expression of tumorigenic factors, are extremely inefficient (~25%). Thus, advanced methodologies capable of revolutionizing efficiency and addressing safety concerns are key to clinical translation of these technologies. Here, we propose an extracellular vesicle (EV)-guided, nonviral, direct lineage conversion strategy to enhance transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to induced cardiomyocyte-like cells (iCMs). The resulting iCMs have typical cardiac Ca2+ transients and electrophysiological features and exhibit global gene expression profiles similar to those of cardiomyocytes. This is the first demonstration of the use of EVs derived from embryonic stem cells undergoing cardiac differentiation as biomimetic tools to induce cardiac reprogramming with extremely high efficiency (>60%), establishing a general, more readily accessible platform for generating a variety of specialized somatic cells through direct lineage conversion.T cells defend against cancer and viral infections by rapidly scanning the surface of target cells seeking specific peptide antigens. This key process in adaptive immunity is sparked upon T cell receptor (TCR) binding of antigens within cell-cell junctions stabilized by integrin (LFA-1)/intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) complexes. A long-standing question in this area is whether the forces transmitted through the LFA-1/ICAM-1 complex tune T cell signaling. Gossypol cost Here, we use spectrally encoded DNA tension probes to reveal the first maps of LFA-1 and TCR forces generated by the T cell cytoskeleton upon antigen recognition. DNA probes that control the magnitude of LFA-1 force show that F>12 pN potentiates antigen-dependent T cell activation by enhancing T cell-substrate engagement. LFA-1/ICAM-1 mechanical events with F>12 pN also enhance the discriminatory power of the TCR when presented with near cognate antigens. Overall, our results show that T cells integrate multiple channels of mechanical information through different ligand-receptor pairs to tune function.Whether adding songs to a playlist or groceries during an online shop, how do we decide what to choose next? We develop a model that predicts such open-ended, sequential choices using a process of cued retrieval from long-term memory. Using the past choice to cue subsequent retrievals, this model predicts the sequential purchases and response times of nearly 5 million grocery purchases made by more than 100,000 online shoppers. Products can be associated in different ways, such as by their episodic association or semantic overlap, and we find that consumers query multiple forms of associative knowledge when retrieving options. Attending to certain knowledge sources, as estimated by our model, predicts important retrieval errors, such as the propensity to forget or add unwanted products. Our results demonstrate how basic memory retrieval mechanisms shape choices in real-world, goal-directed tasks.Although ribosome assembly is quality controlled to maintain protein homeostasis, different ribosome populations have been described. How these form, especially under stress conditions that affect energy levels and stop the energy-intensive production of ribosomes, remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate how a physiologically relevant ribosome population arises during high Na+, sorbitol, or pH stress via dissociation of Rps26 from fully assembled ribosomes to enable a translational response to these stresses. The chaperone Tsr2 releases Rps26 in the presence of high Na+ or pH in vitro and is required for Rps26 release in vivo. Moreover, Tsr2 stores free Rps26 and promotes reincorporation of the protein, thereby repairing the subunit after the Na+ stress subsides. Our data implicate a residue in Rps26 involved in Diamond Blackfan Anemia in mediating the effects of Na+. These data demonstrate how different ribosome populations can arise rapidly, without major energy input and without bypass of quality control mechanisms.Relative crustal motions along active faults generate earthquakes, and repeated earthquake cycles build mountain ranges over millions of years. However, the long-term summation of elastic, earthquake-related deformation cannot produce the deformation recorded within the rock record. Here, we provide an explanation for this discrepancy by showing that increases in strain facilitated by plastic deformation of Earth's crust during the earthquake cycle, in conjunction with isostatic deflection and erosion, transform relative fault motions that produce individual earthquakes to geologic deformations. We focus our study on the data-rich Santa Cruz Mountains, CA, USA and compare predicted and observed quantities for rock uplift, apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronology, topographic relief, 10Be-based erosion rates, and interseismic surface velocities. This approach reconciles these disparate records of mountain-building processes, allowing us to explicitly bridge decadal measures of deformation with that produced by millions of years of plate motion.The spread of cancer to bone is invariably fatal, with complex cross-talk between tumor cells and the bone microenvironment responsible for driving disease progression. By combining in silico analysis of patient datasets with metabolomic profiling of prostate cancer cells cultured with bone cells, we demonstrate the changing energy requirements of prostate cancer cells in the bone microenvironment, identifying the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) as elevated in prostate cancer bone metastasis, with increased expression of the PPP rate-limiting enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) associated with a reduction in progression-free survival. Genetic and pharmacologic manipulation demonstrates that G6PD inhibition reduces prostate cancer growth and migration, associated with changes in cellular redox state and increased chemosensitivity. Genetic blockade of G6PD in vivo results in reduction of tumor growth within bone. In summary, we demonstrate the metabolic plasticity of prostate cancer cells in the bone microenvironment, identifying the PPP and G6PD as metabolic targets for the treatment of prostate cancer bone metastasis.Understanding the immune response to hydrogel implantation is critical for the design of immunomodulatory biomaterials. To study the progression of inflammation around poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels presenting Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides and vascular endothelial growth factor, we used temporal analysis of high-dimensional flow cytometry data paired with intravital imaging, immunohistochemistry, and multiplexed proteomic profiling. RGD-presenting hydrogels created a reparative microenvironment promoting CD206+ cellular infiltration and revascularization in wounded dorsal skin tissue. Unbiased clustering algorithms (SPADE) revealed significant phenotypic transition shifts as a function of the cell-adhesion hydrogel properties. SPADE identified an intermediate macrophage subset functionally regulating in vivo cytokine secretion that was preferentially recruited for RGD-presenting hydrogels, whereas dendritic cell subsets were preferentially recruited to RDG-presenting hydrogels. Last, RGD-presenting hydrogels controlled macrophage functional cytokine secretion to direct polarization and vascularization. Our studies show that unbiased clustering of single-cell data provides unbiased insights into the underlying immune response to engineered materials.During pandemics, effective nonpharmaceutical interventions encourage people to adjust their behavior in fast-changing environments in which exponential dynamics aggravate the conflict between the individual benefits of risk-taking and its social costs. Policy-makers need to know which interventions are most likely to promote socially advantageous behaviors. We designed a tool for initial evaluations of the effectiveness of large-scale interventions, the transmission game framework, which integrates simulations of outbreak dynamics into large-group experiments with monetary stakes. In two studies (n = 700), we found substantial differences in the effectiveness of five behavioral interventions. A simple injunctive-norms message proved most effective, followed by two interventions boosting participants' ability to anticipate the consequences of risky behavior. Interventions featuring descriptive norms or concurrent risk information failed to reduce risk-taking.
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