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These tests unlock set-based analysis of interval-censored data sets with analogs of three highly popular set-based tools commonly applied to continuous and binary outcomes. Simulation studies illustrate the advantages of the developed methods over ad hoc alternatives, including protection of the type I error rate at very low levels and increased power. The proposed approaches are applied to the investigation that motivated this study, an examination of the genes associated with bone mineral density deficiency and fracture risk.
Temporal plus epilepsy (TPE) represents a rare type of epilepsy characterized by a complex epileptogenic zone including the temporal lobe and the close neighboring structures. We investigated whether the complete resection of temporal plus epileptogenic zone as defined through stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) might improve seizure outcome in 38 patients with TPE.

Inclusion criteria were as follows epilepsy surgery performed between January 1990 and December 2001, SEEG defining a temporal plus epileptogenic zone, unilobar temporal operations ("temporal lobe epilepsy [TLE] surgery") or multilobar interventions including the temporal lobe ("TPE surgery"), magnetic resonance imaging either normal or showing signs of hippocampal sclerosis, and postoperative follow-up of at least 12months. For each assessment of postoperative seizure outcome, at 1, 2, 5, and 10years, we carried out descriptive analysis and classical tests of hypothesis, namely, Pearson χ
test or Fisher exact test of independence on tables of frequency for each categorical variable of interest and Student t-test for each continuous variable of interest, when appropriate.

Twenty-one patients underwent TPE surgery and 17 underwent TLE surgery with a follow-up of 12.4±8.16years. In the multivariate models, there was a significant effect of the time from surgery on Engel Class IA versus IB-IV outcome, with a steadily worsening trend from 5-year follow-up onward. TPE surgery was associated with better results than TLE surgery.

This study suggests that surgical outcome in patients with TPE can be improved by a tailored, multilobar resection and confirms that SEEG is mandatory when a TPE is suspected.
This study suggests that surgical outcome in patients with TPE can be improved by a tailored, multilobar resection and confirms that SEEG is mandatory when a TPE is suspected.Children and their families have been significantly impacted by the unfolding of the COVID-19 syndemic. We sought to identify (1) groups of families with distinct profiles of joint trajectories of parental anxiety and child emotional distress and (2) protective and risk factors associated with these dual-trajectory profiles. A sample of 488 parents (65% White; 77% mothers) with 3- to 8-year-old children (MAge = 5.04, SDAge = 1.59) was followed from late March to early July in 2020. Survey data on parent (i.e., anxiety symptoms) and child (i.e., emotional distress) adjustment were collected at three time points. Using multivariate growth mixture modeling, we identified one group with low parental anxiety and child emotional distress (42.7%) and three other distinct groups with varying risk levels among parents and/or children. We also identified protective (e.g., positive parenting) and risk (e.g., child negative affect, negative parenting, perceived stress with racism) factors in predicting parent and child adjustment. It can be concluded that, overall, our sample (mostly middle- and high-socioeconomic status families) demonstrated family resilience amid COVID-19, consistent with prior disaster coping literature. At the same time, our findings also indicated the need to identify at-risk families and modifiable factors for post-disaster public health interventions.Contemporary guidance takes a patient-centred approach and recommends discussing and planning treatments that should be considered, not just those that should be withheld. Although some organisations and communities still use specific DNACPR (do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation) forms to recommend that cardiopulmonary resuscitation is not attempted, this approach has been shown to have disadvantages and is no longer regarded as best practice. The following guidelines have been produced in response to this change. They are designed to help anaesthetists, as part of the wider healthcare team, to implement and respond to advance care planning documents before and during procedures. The guidelines apply to all procedures, however minor and low risk they are considered to be, and the same ethical and legal principles apply to procedures carried out under local or regional anaesthesia and/or conscious sedation, as well as to those under general anaesthesia.Eutrophication is believed to promote plant invasion, resulting in high growth performances of invasive plants and, therefore, the great potential for growth-induced intraspecific competition for light. Current hypotheses predict how eutrophication promotes plant invasion but fail to explain how great invasiveness is maintained under eutrophic conditions. In diverse native communities, co-occurring plants of varying sizes can avoid light competition by exploiting light complementarily; however, whether this mechanism applies to intraspecific competition in invasive plant populations remains unknown. Using a 2-year field nitrogen (N)-enrichment experiment on one of the global invasive plants, Spartina alterniflora, we found that the plasticity of light use reduced intraspecific competition and increased biomass production in S. alterniflora. This plasticity effect was enhanced when S. alterniflora had no nutrient limitations. In the N-enrichment treatments, the height difference among S. alterniflora ramets increased as light intensity decreased under the canopy. Compared with ambient N, under N enrichment, shorter individuals increased their light-use efficiency and specific leaf area in response to the reduced light intensity under the canopy. However, such ecophysiological plasticity was not found for taller individuals. Our findings revealed that the light-use plasticity of short individuals can be envisaged as a novel mechanism by which an invasive plant alleviates intraspecific competition and increases its invasiveness, challenging the prevailing perspective that the invasiveness of exotic plants is constrained by intraspecific competition.Microbial lipid production from lignocellulose biomass provides an essential option for sustainable and carbon-neutral supply of future aviation fuels, biodiesel, as well as various food and nutrition products. Oleaginous yeast is the major microbial cell factory but its lipid-producing performance is far below the requirements of industrial application. Here we show an ultra-centrifugation fractionation in adaptive evolution (UCF) of Trichosporon cutaneum based on the minor cell density difference. The lightest cells with the maximum intracellular lipid content were isolated by ultra-centrifugation fractionation in the long-term adaptive evolution. Significant changes occurred in the cell morphology with a fragile cell wall wrapping and enlarged intracellular space (two orders of magnitude increase in cell size). Complete and coordinate assimilations of all nonglucose sugars derived from lignocellulose were triggered and fluxed into lipid synthesis. Genome mutations and significant transcriptional regulations of the genes responsible for cell structure were identified and experimentally confirmed. The obtained T. cutaneum MP11 cells achieved a high lipid production of wheat straw, approximately five-fold greater than that of the parental cells. The study provided an effective method for screening the high lipid-containing oleaginous yeast cells as well as the intracellular products accumulating cells in general.
Amalgam has been the gold standard for restorations in posterior teeth. Mercury, a major component of dental amalgam, is considered an environmental pollutant. The Minamata Convention on mercury recomends a reduction in the use of mercury-containing products. Since Pakistan is a signatory to the Convention, the same amalgam phase-out limitations are implemented in Pakistan.

To identify and assess the use of amalgam and its waste management by dentists in Pakistan post-Minamata Convention guidelines.

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Lahore among 520 general dental practitioners in 2019.

The sample size for the study was calculated as 500; the questionnaire was distributed among 550 dentists. Dental amalgam was used by only 41.6% of the dentists in their practice; 55.0% perceived it to be a health risk. Most of the dentists (76.3%) were unaware of the proper disposal protocols for dental amalgam and 76.5% were unaware of any guidelines regarding amalgam use and disposal.

Although there is a gap in knowledge among the dentists regarding amalgam disposal, dentists in Pakistan are reducing their use of dental amalgam in accordance with the guidelines of the Minamata Convention.
Although there is a gap in knowledge among the dentists regarding amalgam disposal, dentists in Pakistan are reducing their use of dental amalgam in accordance with the guidelines of the Minamata Convention.
Health promotion and education (HPE) is a valuable component of initiatives to improve health and prevent disease in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR).

To assess the type and scope of HPE interventions in the EMR and analyze lessons learned.

A rapid review was conducted using a PICOS (participants, interventions, comparisons, outcomes and study approaches) framework guiding approach.

We identified a growin interest in HPE approaches in the EMR, with the majority of studies published within the past five years. Few high-quality studies were identified. Formative research predominated with nearly half of the studies recommending the need toscale up HPE interventions. There was little emphasis on implementation and evaluation of priority HPE interventions.

The findings highlight the need to (1) up-scale resource-efficient HPE interventions; (2) implement HPE programmes addressing noncommunicable disease priorities; and (3) capacity building to operationalize high-quality interventions and evaluations.
The findings highlight the need to (1) up-scale resource-efficient HPE interventions; (2) implement HPE programmes addressing noncommunicable disease priorities; and (3) capacity building to operationalize high-quality interventions and evaluations.
In 2002, the Government of Pakistan implemented a national law governing the use of tobacco products. The law included smoke-free policies banning smoking in all public places, and required no-smoking signage to be displayed at all such venues. Compliance with smoke-free policies is imperative, as it protects the health of nonsmokers. Almost two decades later, efforts to assess compliance with smoke-free policies in Karachi have been lacking, with only one study conducted in 2016.

To investigate smoke-free compliance across public places in Karachi, the most populous city in Pakistan.

A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the east and south districts of Karachi between October and December 2019. Data pertaining to evidence of smoking (observed smoking, cigarette butt litter, and display of ashtrays/ similar instruments), the presence of designated smoking areas/rooms (DSAs/DSRs), and the display and location of no-smoking signage were collected via direct observations. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/incb054329.html Results are reported using descriptive statistics.
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