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Gene therapy for hemophilia: Present status as well as laboratory implications.
This work provides new insight into the potential hazard of MPs in human respiratory system, which is helpful for deeply understanding the unfavorable physicochemical effects of MPs exposure and the role of inhaled MPs on lung health.The microbial mechanism underpinning biochar's ability to reduce emissions of the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) is little understood. We combined high-throughput gene sequencing with a dual-label 15N-18O isotope to examine microbial mechanisms operative in biochar made from Crofton Weed (BC1) or pine wood pellets (BC2) and the N2O emissions from those biochar materials when present in chloropicrin (CP)-fumigated soil. Both BC1 and BC2 reduced N2O total emissions by 62.9-71.9% and 48.8-52.0% in CP-fumigated soil, respectively. During the 7-day fumigation phase, however, both BC1 and BC2 increased N2O production by significantly promoting nirKS and norBC gene abundance, which indicated that the N2O emission pathway had switched from heterotrophic denitrification to nitrifier denitrification. During the post-fumigation phase, BC1 and BC2 significantly decreased N2O production as insufficient nitrogen was available to support rapid population increases of nitrifying or denitrifying bacteria. BC1 and BC2 significantly reduced CP's inhibition of nitrifying archaeal bacteria (AOA, AOB) and the denitrifying bacterial genes (nirS, nirK, nosZ), which promoted those bacterial populations in fumigated soil to similar levels observed in unfumigated soil. Our study provided insight on the impact of biochar and microbes on N2O emissions.Soil clay minerals are effective substrate adsorbents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in natural soil. The adsorbed PAHs result in long-term contamination of soils. In this paper, a typical PAH phenanthrene (Phe) and nine high purity clay minerals are selected as representative PAH pollutants and adsorbents, respectively. A series of experiments have been conducted to disclose the relationship between the Phe adsorption effect of these clay minerals and their physical properties, including specific surface area (SSA), cation exchange capacity (CEC) and contact angle (CA). Molecular simulation methods are performed to explore the mechanism of clay mineral structure on Phe adsorption at the molecular level. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation suggests that the adsorption of Phe on clay minerals is mainly due to the van der Waals effect. The strength of the O-H-π effect is greater than that of the hydrophobic effect of Phe adsorption. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations imply that the hydration effect of cations hinders the Phe hydrophobic adsorption by occupying the adsorption sites. Based on the mechanism explored, a simple empirical model is proposed, and the adsorption distribution coefficient Kd of clay mineral and water phases can be precisely predicted by the three physical properties of clay minerals, without rigorous quantitative analysis of soil clay minerals.Composting is the last "barrier" for microplastics (MPs) in the entry of organic solid wastes into the environment. The transformation of MPs is thought to be mainly driven by microorganisms during composting, whereas the contribution of abiotic processes that involve free radicals is often overlooked. Herein, we provide initial evidence for the generation of free radicals during sludge composting, including environmental persistent free radicals and reactive oxygen species, which accelerate the oxidative degradation of MPs. The ·OH yield of composting fluctuated greatly from 23.03 to 277.18 μmol/kg during composting, which was closely related to the dynamic changes in Fe(II) (R2 = 0.926). Analyses of the composted MPs physicochemical properties indicated that MPs were aged gradually with molecular weights decrease from 18% to 27% and carbonyl index value increase from 0.23 to 0.52. Further investigation suggested that the microbially-mediated redox transformation of iron oxides could occur on the MPs surface accompanied by the production of abundant free radicals, thereby leading to the damage of MPs during composting. These results reveal the critical role of free radicals in MPs ageing under oxic/anoxic alternation conditions of composting and provide new insights into the bio-chemical mechanism of contaminant removal or transformation during sludge composting.Cadmium (Cd) is highly toxic to both plants and humans.Light plays crucial roles in plant growth, development and stress responses, but how light functions in plant Cd response remain unclear.Here,we found that Cd treatment significantly induced the expression of PHYB but not PHYA and CRY1 in leaves and roots of cucumber. Correspondingly,compared with white light (W) during Cd stress,red light(R) increased Cd sensitivity,whereas blue light (B) enhanced Cd tolerance as evidenced by decreased Cd-induced chlorosis, growth inhibition, photosynthesis inhibition and chloroplast ultrastructure damage.Furthermore,B markedly increased the transcripts and activities of the antioxidant enzymes including ascorbate peroxidase (APX),catalase (CAT),superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR),as well as glutathione (GSH) content and GSH1 expression, resulting in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2.-) reduction,but R treatment showed the opposite trend. Moreover, R and B markedly up-regulated and down-regulated the expression levels of Cd uptake and transport genes including IRT1, NRAMP1 and HMA3, leading to more and less Cd accumulation than the W-treated plants in both shoots and roots, respectively under Cd stress. Collectively, our data clearly demonstrate that R and B function antagonistically to regulate Cd tolerance in cucumber via modulating the photosynthesis, antioxidant defense system and Cd uptake, providing a novel light quality control strategy to enhance crop Cd tolerance and food safety.The calculation of equilibrium constant from the Langmuir model is widely used in the literature. However, the dimensional problem of the equilibrium constant has often been ignored. N6F11 supplier For example, a recent publication on the strong properties of the new adsorbent for tetracycline. Nevertheless, this used an improper calculation of the standard equilibrium constant, confusing solute and solution. This creates dimension for K0 obtained from Eq. (13). Unfortunately, K0 should be dimensionless. In this comment, the origin and background of this kind of error is analyzed and the method for correcting the error is presented. Specifically, we establish a clear relationship between the Langmuir constant (KL) and the standard equilibrium constant (K0). We hope this comment clarifies the essence of calculating the standard equilibrium constant by using the Langmuir model, so others avoid the propagation of this kind of error.Despite the rapid development of nanozyme, it is still challenging to develop multifunctional nanozyme with high oxidase-like activity. In this work, a novel type of amorphous imidazole-Cu nanozyme (I-Cu) with high laccase- and catecholase-like activity was prepared by the water induced precipitation of Cu2+ and imidazole to mimick the N-Cu coordinated environment in their active site. I-Cu shows similar Km but 3.7-fold higher Vmax than laccase at the same mass concentration. The possible catalytic mechanism of I-Cu nanozyme, which is composed of substrate binding, substrate oxidation, oxygen binding and oxygen reduction, is proposed. In addition, it also displays high stability under various pH, temperature, long-term storage and high salinity. The oxidation efficiency of I-Cu nanozyme for environmental phenolic pollutants (2,4-dichlorophenol) is 91.8% at 10 h, which is higher than that of laccase (68.8% at 10 h). Furthermore, the colorimetric and smart phone detection of dopamine by I-Cu nanozyme is developed with the detection limit of 0.412 μM. Therefore, we expect this amorphous nanozyme is promising in the various application of bioremediation and biosensor.Microplastics (MPs) have been detected globally in the marine environment. MP polymers of various kinds have different toxicity potentials when decomposed into monomers. Also, the toxicity of MPs is influenced by the particle size distribution of MPs. Based on these parameters, a semi-quantitative risk assessment model has been developed in this study to rank MP polymers of potential health concern emerging from marine exposure pathways. A screening strategy was used to categorize three probability factors and two impact factors and calculate the final risk scores. Four different scenarios were assessed to investigate the influence of risk factors on the model output. The screening strategy prioritised PUR, PVC, PAN, ABS, PMMA, SAN, TPU, UP, PET, PS, and HDPE as the top-ranking polymers of concern (descending order). The sensitivity analysis revealed parameters that influenced the final risk score were hazard score based on monomer classification (RF5 coefficient +0.60)> particle size distribution of MPs (RF4 +0.54)> annual global waste generation (RF1 +0.52)> status of degradation in the marine environment (RF3 +0.32)> mean density of polymers (RF2 +0.16). The outcome of this study can inform the scientific community and the policymakers for better management of MPs where regulation and guidelines need to be considered.A single-atomic-site Cu catalyst (SAS-Cu) supported on carbon nitride (CN) material was synthesized by a pyrolyzing coordinated polymer (PCP) strategy. The introduction of a single-atomic Cu site improved the charge transfer and separation efficiency. The reaction rate constant of SAS-Cu1.0 is 4.5 times higher than that of CN. Under the condition of only 0.1 mM sodium persulfate (PS) and 0.1 g/L catalyst, the removal rate of tetracycline (TC) reached 82.5% after 30 min of LED illumination, which greatly improved the utilization of oxidant. Mechanistic analysis shows that there are free radical (•O2-, SO4•-, •OH) and nonradical pathways (1O2 and direct electron transfer) in the system, and they have synergistic effect. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that SAS-Cu1.0 can optimize the adsorption and activation of PS. This work illustrates the application value of SAC combined with activated persulfate and the low energy consumption of the LED light in the field of environment, which provides a new strategy for reducing the salinity and treatment cost of treated water.Microplastics (MPs) implications in the atmosphere are of current global concern. Currently, there is a growing interest regarding source appointment, fate, level of toxicity, and exposure intensity of ambient air MPs. Recent data suggest that polyethylene (PE) dominates ambient MPs in China's megacities. Albeit understanding of PE sources is limited and restricted to typical sources polluting terrestrial and marine environments. However, the air is a distinct environmental component and may have some separate pollution sources as well as the relative contribution of different sources could also contrast in different environments. Urbanization and fast construction activity resulting from increased economic growth in these places might be a potential source of ambient PE. Recently, the use of scaffold netting on construction sites and synthetic grass as land covering sheets has been on the rise. Generally, these PE items are often inferior and composed of recycled material, making them more prone to degradation.
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