Notes

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outcome of chronic diseases especially T2DM.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the 1-year outcome of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy in an eye unit in sub-Saharan Africa.

This retrospective study included 182 eyes of 172 patients managed in the vitreoretinal unit between 2016 and 2019 who were treated with intravitreal anti-VEGF bevacizumab (1.25 mg/0.05 ml) with at least 1 year of follow-up. The outcome measures were change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) over 1 year of follow-up, the number of injections taken, and complications.

The mean age was 61.1 ± 16.3 years (male-to-female ratio of 11.1) and about 62.1% above >60 years. A total of 330 injections were given during the period audited. The mean number of injections was 1.8 ± 0.93. Ninety-four (51.7%) eyes had only one injection, while 33 (18.1%), 50 (27.5%), and 5 (2.7%) had 2, 3, and 4 injections, respectively. About 78.5% had moderate-to-severe visual impairment at baseline and 44.5%, 16.4%, 12.6%, and 7.1% at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months posis recommended that patients should have more than one injection.
Alleviation of labour pain is known to improve maternal and fetal outcome. Combined Spinal-Epidural (CSE) analgesia is an excellent method.

In view of reports of its concerns on labour, this study was conducted to evaluate the progress of labour, obstetric outcome in cases with and without CSE analgesia, the maternal pain relief and fetomaternal adverse effects.

In this comparative study, 60 parturients were allocated into case and control groups of 30 each. CSE analgesia was administered utilizing 0.5 ml of 0.125% Levobupivacaine / 0.2% Ropivacaine with 2 mcg/ml fentanyl. Progress of labour was recorded in partogram including duration of labour, mode of delivery, pain relief - Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score, development of motor block, maternal satisfaction and Apgar score. Data was analyzed by Descriptive and Inferential statistics.

Mean duration of first and second stage of labour among cases was 530±44.1 minutes, 61.5±12.7 minutes respectively and that of control was 526.6±64.9 minutes, 60±10.8 minutes respectively with no prolongation of labour P > 0.05. CSE analgesia did not alter the mode of delivery P=0.145 with rapid onset of pain relief. Apgar score was normal in both groups. Total 29 (97%) parturients experienced effective labour analgesia following CSE analgesia with VAS score 0. Maternal adverse effects included pruritus, transient initial motor blockade and post spinal headache.

CSE analgesia did not affect the duration of labour, mode of delivery with minimal fetomaternal adverse effects and provides rapid onset of pain relief . CSE analgesia can be considered for safe and effective labour analgesia.
CSE analgesia did not affect the duration of labour, mode of delivery with minimal fetomaternal adverse effects and provides rapid onset of pain relief . CSE analgesia can be considered for safe and effective labour analgesia.
There is a paucity of data on the prevalence and pattern of congenital heart disease (CHD) among patients with Down syndrome (DS) in Bisha, Saudi Arabia. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and patterns of CHD in patients with DS and explore the association of participants' sex with CHD in DS patients.

A total of 42 patients with confirmed DS were enrolled in the study. Relevant data were obtained from the patients' records. The spectrum of CHD was analyzed and classified accordingly. Pearson's Chi-square was used to determine the association of gender with CHD.

Approximately 81% of the study participants had CHD. The most common CHD was atrial septal defect (28.5%), followed by ventricular septal defect (25%), patent ductus arteriosus (16%), and atrioventricular septal defect (14.3%). No significant association was found between CHDs and sex.

The prevalence of CHD in the study group was consistent with reports from other regions of Saudi Arabia and globally. Participants' sex was not associated with the occurrence of CHD in DS patients in this study.
The prevalence of CHD in the study group was consistent with reports from other regions of Saudi Arabia and globally. Participants' sex was not associated with the occurrence of CHD in DS patients in this study.
The burden of sickle cell disease (SCD) is high in Sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria, and with improved care and survival, reproductive health issues, including menstruation, have become increasingly important and may impact on long-term health and social wellbeing.

This study was carried out to characterize the menstrual characteristics of SCD patients.

Using a cross-sectional study design, a semi-structured questionnaire was administered and information collected on bio-demographic data, medical history of SCD, reproductive, and menstrual history.

One hundred and sixty female patients participated in the study. selleck screening library The mean age was 24.9 years (standard deviation [SD] ± 8.8). The mean age at menarche was 15.6 years (SD ± 2.7) for those menstruating. Most respondents had regular menstrual cycles 120 (82%); normal menstrual cycle lengths 120 (81%) significantly associated with respondent's age (P < 0.05); normal duration of flow 140 (97%); light menstrual flow 104 (71%) significantly associated with body mass index BMI (P < 0.05). Overall, however, 114 (78%) had abnormal menses and 32 (22%) had normal menses. Eighty-one respondents (56%) experienced menstrual pain, which was severe in only 28 cases (35%). The presence of menstrual pain did not significantly affect the annual frequency of crisis (P > 0.05).

The mean age at menarche was high at 15.6 years. Most respondents had light menstrual flow and overall abnormal menstrual patterns. Menstrual pain was common but was not significantly associated with the frequency of crisis.
The mean age at menarche was high at 15.6 years. Most respondents had light menstrual flow and overall abnormal menstrual patterns. Menstrual pain was common but was not significantly associated with the frequency of crisis.
Evidence-based medicine seeks to improve medical education, which requires high competency levels in various clinical skills such as examination of patients and execution of clinical techniques on patients by integrating skill and simulation-based teaching and learning as supplementary to traditional methods of bedside clinical teaching. Hence, a safely prepared and controlled environment with trained interdisciplinary teams is very essential in providing such effective medical education to students as well as health-care professionals. The ongoing skill and simulation center project aims to provide teaching, training, and learning in various clinical procedures for both medical students and clinicians.

The project management cycle framework was used which included the phases of planning, designing, training, and implementation. Having picked the model for the proposed skill and simulation center, that is, redefining medical education with skill and simulation-based teaching, training, and learning, it waesources. Detailed planning is required, across a variety of domains. We hope our experiences shared in this article will help other medical colleges and hospitals across the region, both nationally and globally, toward establishing similar educational facilities.Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease caused by reduced amounts of the ubiquitously expressed Survival of Motor Neuron (SMN) protein. In agreement with its crucial role in the biogenesis of spliceosomal snRNPs, SMN-deficiency is correlated to numerous splicing alterations in patient cells and various tissues of SMA mouse models. Among the snRNPs whose assembly is impacted by SMN-deficiency, those involved in the minor spliceosome are particularly affected. Importantly, splicing of several, but not all U12-dependent introns has been shown to be affected in different SMA models. Here, we have investigated the molecular determinants of this differential splicing in spinal cords from SMA mice. We show that the branchpoint sequence (BPS) is a key element controlling splicing efficiency of minor introns. Unexpectedly, splicing of several minor introns with suboptimal BPS is not affected in SMA mice. Using in vitro splicing experiments and oligonucleotides targeting minor or major snRNAs, we show for the first time that splicing of these introns involves both the minor and major machineries. Our results strongly suggest that splicing of a subset of minor introns is not affected in SMA mice because components of the major spliceosome compensate for the loss of minor splicing activity.Changes in histone post-translational modifications are associated with aging through poorly defined mechanisms. Histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation at promoters is deposited by SET1 family methyltransferases acting within conserved multiprotein complexes known as COMPASS. Previous work yielded conflicting results about the requirement for H3K4 methylation during aging. Here, we reassessed the role of SET1/COMPASS-dependent H3K4 methylation in Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan and fertility by generating set-2(syb2085) mutant animals that express a catalytically inactive form of SET-2, the C. elegans SET1 homolog. We show that set-2(syb2085) animals retain the ability to form COMPASS, but have a marked global loss of H3K4 di- and trimethylation (H3K4me2/3). Reduced H3K4 methylation was accompanied by loss of fertility, as expected; however, in contrast to earlier studies, set-2(syb2085) mutants displayed a significantly shortened, not extended, lifespan and had normal intestinal fat stores. Other commonly used set-2 mutants were also short-lived, as was a cfp-1 mutant that lacks the SET1/COMPASS chromatin-targeting component. These results challenge previously held views and establish that WT H3K4me2/3 levels are essential for normal lifespan in C. elegans.
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) has been associated with poorer postsurgical seizure outcomes compared to other pathologies. FCD surgical series have been assembled on the basis of a histologic diagnosis, including patients with abnormal and normal preoperative MRI. However, in clinical workflow, patient selection for surgery is based on preoperative findings, including MRI. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature to determine the rate and predictors of favorable seizure outcome after surgery for MRI-detected FCD.

We devised our study protocol in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and registered the protocol with PROSPERO. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science for studies of patients followed up for ≥12 months after resective surgery for drug-resistant epilepsy with MRI-detected FCD. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to calculate the proportion of patients attaining a favorable outcome, defined as Engel cl surgery. Our findings can be incorporated into routine preoperative counseling and reinforce the importance of completely resecting the MRI-detected FCD when safe and feasible.
Seventy percent of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy and MRI features of FCD attain a favorable seizure outcome after resective surgery. Our findings can be incorporated into routine preoperative counseling and reinforce the importance of completely resecting the MRI-detected FCD when safe and feasible.
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