Notes

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09-1.71). Those with pre-existing cardiovascular health conditions had an up to 3.21-times higher chance for reporting depressive symptoms (OR, CESD-D 8, 95% CI 1.44-7.14).

The study design is cross-sectional and uses self-reported outcomes.

Concepts for prevention and counselling to tackle mental health problems in students are needed and programmes should take specific stressors related to the pandemic into account.
Concepts for prevention and counselling to tackle mental health problems in students are needed and programmes should take specific stressors related to the pandemic into account.
The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic was managed with sustained mass lockdowns to prevent spread of COVID-19 infection. Babies born during the early stages of the pandemic missed the opportunity of meeting a normal social circle of people outside the family home.

We compared 10 parentally reported developmental milestones at 12-month assessment in a cohort of 309 babies born at the onset of the pandemic (CORAL cohort) and 1629 babies from a historical birth cohort (BASELINE cohort recruited between 2008 and 2011).

Compared with a historical cohort, babies born into lockdown appeared to have some deficits in social communication. Fewer infants in the pandemic cohort had one definite and meaningful word (76.6% vs 89.3%), could point (83.8% vs 92.8%) or wave bye-bye (87.7% vs 94.4%) at 12-month assessment. Adjusted log-binomial regression analyses demonstrated significant differences in social communication in the CORAL cohort compared with the BASELINE cohort one definite and meaningful word (relative risk hort. Babies are resilient and inquisitive by nature, and it is hoped that with societal re-emergence and increase in social circles, their social communication skills will improve.
Chronic back pain (CBP) is a condition that places a considerable burden on society, with several million people affected in the United States alone. Treatment options to address this problem and relieve CBP are constantly evolving, and one of the most promising treatment modalities for CBP that is refractory to conservative treatment options is endoscopic rhizotomy (ER).

A thorough search of the PubMed (MEDLINE) database was conducted to assess the full progression of ER from its earliest uses to present day in a historical narrative review of ER, with treatment of facetogenic pain as a model pathology.

ER allows for direct visualization and ablation of sensory branches of the dorsal ramus to provide pain relief in up to 80% of patients faced with refractory CBP. This technique has been built upon since the early 20th century, and the novel endoscopic approach continues to gain popularity among physicians. Benefits of ER include superior postoperative median pain-free duration compared with traditional percutaneous radiofrequency ablation, as well as direct visualization of regional anatomy. Patient selection criteria for the procedure and a modest list of contraindications allow the use of ER as a viable treatment option for a significant population of patients suffering from CBP. Potential barriers to ER include high cost of the procedure, longer intraoperative time, and expensive proprietary equipment.

ER is an effective treatment for refractory CBP with notable advantages. As the technology and popularity of this procedure progress, improvements in the cost, training, and intraoperative time may make it a favorable alternative to the current standard of care.
ER is an effective treatment for refractory CBP with notable advantages. As the technology and popularity of this procedure progress, improvements in the cost, training, and intraoperative time may make it a favorable alternative to the current standard of care.
Despite lack of nationwide Medicare coverage by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the utilization of cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) has risen in popularity. The purpose was to compare primary and revision CDA from 2010 to 2020 with respect to (1) utilization trends, (2) patient demographics, and (3) health care reimbursements.

Using the PearlDiver database, we studied patients undergoing primary and revision CDA for degenerative cervical spine pathology from 2010 to 2020. Endpoints of the study were to compare patient demographics (including Elixhauser Comorbidity Index [ECI]), annual utilization trends, length of stay (LOS), and reimbursements. Chi-square analyses compared patient demographics. t tests compared LOS and reimbursements. A linear regression was used to evaluate for trends in procedural volume over time. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

In total, 15,306 patients underwent primary (n= 14,711) or revision CDA (n= 595). Patients undergoing revisions had a greater comorbidity burden (mean ECI 4.16 vs. 2.91; P < 0.0001). From 2010 to 2020, primary CDA utilization increased by 413% (447 vs. 2297 procedures; P < 0.001); comparatively, revision CDA utilization increased by 141% (32 vs. 77 procedures; P < 0.001). Mean LOS was greater for revision cases (1.37 vs. 3.30 days, P < 0.001). Reimbursements for revisions were higher on the day of surgery ($5585 vs. $13,692) and within 90 days of surgery ($7031 vs. $19,340), all P < 0.0001.

There is a high rate of annual growth in CDA utilization and revision CDA in the United States. Reimbursements for revision CDA were more than double primary cases.
There is a high rate of annual growth in CDA utilization and revision CDA in the United States. Reimbursements for revision CDA were more than double primary cases.
To assess the safety of foregoing invasive monitoring in a select group of patients undergoing awake craniotomy for supratentorial tumor resection.

Awake craniotomies were performed for tumor resection without invasive blood pressure monitoring when there was no preexisting cardiopulmonary indication as determined by the attending anesthesiologist according to institutional protocol. Noninvasive monitoring was performed every 3-5 minutes intraoperatively and then every 15 minutes in the recovery room for 4 hours before transfer to the ward.

At a single tertiary care hospital, 74 consecutive awake surgeries were performed with noninvasive blood pressure monitoring. Among patients, 39 (52.7%) were male, 42 (83.8%) had infiltrative primary brain tumors, 2 (2.7%) had a history of coronary artery disease, 6 (8.1%) were diabetics, 10 (29.7%) were smokers, and 22 (29.7%) were on antihypertensive medications preoperatively. American Society of Anesthesiologists classification was I in 1.4% of patients, II in 36.4%, III in 60.8%, and IV in 1.4%. Intraoperative vasoactive medications were administered in 21 (28.4%) patients; 8 (38%) of these were on antihypertensive agents preoperatively. Vasodilators were administered in 13 (61.9%) patients, vasopressors were given in 6 (28.6%) patients, and both vasodilators and vasopressors were given in 2 (9.5%) patients. One patient experienced a lenticulostriate artery stroke intraoperatively, and 1 patient experienced atrial fibrillation 1 week postoperatively. There were no other perioperative anesthetic, hemorrhagic, renal, or cardiopulmonary complications.

Intraoperative physiologic control and surgical site complication avoidance do not warrant routine invasive blood pressure monitoring during awake craniotomy for tumor resection.
Intraoperative physiologic control and surgical site complication avoidance do not warrant routine invasive blood pressure monitoring during awake craniotomy for tumor resection.
Percutaneous cement discoplasty (PCD) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that can provide a segmental stabilizing and indirect decompression effect in the case of severely degenerated discs characterized by vacuum phenomenon. This systematic review aims to analyze the available literature relating to correct indications and clinical and radiologic efficacy of PCD in patients affected by advanced degenerative spine conditions.

The search was conducted according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guideline. Comprehensive research of PubMed, Scopus, and OVID databases was made using the following Mesh terms ((cement) AND (discoplasty) AND ((vertebral) OR (spinal) OR (spine))). Modal distribution was used to assess the most frequent levels of PCD per patient. Quality assessment of each article was performed according to the Oxford Level of Evidence, Methodological Index for Non-Randomized studies, and Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies score by 2 authors.

After the databases search, 5 full-text articles were included in the systematic review for a total of 291 patients (218 females and 73 males). Median PCD levels were 2.2. Despite promising clinical results, the methodologic index showed poor Methodological Index for Non-Randomized and Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies scores.

PCD provides good clinical results in elderly patients, especially for pain relief. However, the current literature is poor and the article included in the systematic review showed a poor methodologic score, which could affect the conclusions.
PCD provides good clinical results in elderly patients, especially for pain relief. However, the current literature is poor and the article included in the systematic review showed a poor methodologic score, which could affect the conclusions.
External ventricular drainage(EVD) is a basic operation in neurosurgery. Due to the limitation of its safe duration, some patients need to receive multiple drainage operations. Puromycin aminonucleoside mouse We describe the long tunneled external ventricular drains(LTEVD) with shunt valves that effectively avoid multiple operations as a technical note.

The difference is that the middle part of the drainage tube is connected by an externalized shunt valve. The drainage tube is buried under the skin and the outlet is in the abdomen. The technique and more details are described.

The connection between the LTEVD and the shunt valve is simple and the required materials are easily accessible. Externalized valves allow the CSF to be visualized and more controllable, making it easier for physicians to manage the CSF. No drainage tube failure or secondary infection was observed. The indwelling time of the drainage tube was greatly extended.

LTEVD is effective and simple. It allows visual control of drainage flow, prolonging catheter indwelling time and eliminating the need for multiple surgeries.
LTEVD is effective and simple. It allows visual control of drainage flow, prolonging catheter indwelling time and eliminating the need for multiple surgeries.
In 2019, we highlighted the disparities in scientific production between high-income countries (HICs) and low- to middle-income countries (LMICs) by emphasizing how scientific research was underrepresented in the latter. The present study aimed to investigate research productivity in neurosurgery of low-income countries (LICs) and LMICs for the years 2018-2020 and to compare it with the results of our previous study for 2015-2017.

We performed a retrospective bibliometric analysis using PubMed and Scopus databases to record all the reports published in 2018-2020 by investigators affiliated with neurosurgical departments in LICs and LMICs. The attribution of the study to LMICs was based on the presence of either the first author or the majority of authors.

Our systematic search identified 486 studies reported by LICs and LMICs for full text examination in 12 journals. These articles represent 4.9% of all published neurosurgical articles, compared with 4.5% in the 2015-2017 study. India remained the country with the highest contribution, with a 17.
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