Notes

Stopping Frailty Cracks: A 3-Month Crucial Time frame.
al support were moderate, they did not have a good status in terms of psychological factors. Given awareness of the issues under study in each region is essential and planning to improve stress, anxiety, and depression, as well as promoting and correcting inappropriate behaviors through planned interventions are required.
Medical Council of India has suggested competency-based curriculum for undergraduate students to make it learner centric. One-month "Foundation course" was introduced at the beginning of the course to promote better adaptation to the new curriculum. A cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze the feedback from students who attended the foundation course.

All first-year Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery students who underwent 1-month foundation course were included in the study. The course was conducted in six modules. All the sessions were handled by efficient resource people and conducted in an interactive manner. A form in which response against each topic/talk was graded as average, good, or excellent was used to obtain the feedback. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences 16 software. Responses among various modules were subjected to Chi-square two-sided test with Yates's correction.

A total of 98 students (32 males and 66 females) attended the foundation cous can increase the confidence and better adaptability of the students toward a new environment.
This study aimed to identify models for the participation of the city council and municipality with the health system in selected countries.

This is a descriptive comparative study conducted in 2020 qualitatively. The countries studied were examined in terms of the following characteristics type of political structure, type of health system, level of cooperation between local government and health system, municipal financing, type of financial participation of local government and health system, method or institution for participation Created, level of participation, local government influence on health system decisions, advantages and disadvantages of a partnership between local government and health system. Data were collected through valid databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Search engine) and website of the World Health Organization, local government, and the Ministry of Health of countries concerned and analyzed in a framework of analysis.

Countries were divided into two groups in terms od monitoring the quality of services is increasing.
In countries with planned participation, citizens have better access to services. Citizens' participation, as well as the private sector, is greater in health issues. In these countries, participation in health financing by the private sector and other related agencies has increased. Planning and service delivery increases according to neighborhood needs. The variety of services provided and the use of new methods of service are more, and in these countries, the focus of the Ministry of Health on the preparation of strategies and monitoring the quality of services is increasing.
Clinical rounds provide opportunities for medical students to acquire essential skills to practice medicine in the real world. Although this kind of training is one of the most important components of medical education, it is replete with barriers in its effective implementation. This study aimed to investigate medical students' experiences concerning the barriers and strategies of clinical rounds in Kerman University of Medical Sciences (KMU).

This qualitative research was conducted on 12 medical students in KMU in 2017. Purposive sampling was used and participants in three grades (stagers, interns, and residents) were selected, and individual semi-structured interviews were conducted until data saturation. The average of the interview time differed among the three batches (stagers, 51 min; interns, 38 min; and residents, 31 min). Content analysis using deductive approach was used for data analysis. MAXQDA version 10 was used for data analysis.

Data analysis yielded the identification of six themes relard students' professional development can be implemented.
Emergency department (ED) overcrowding is one of the leading problems of health-care organizations, discerned by ED medical staff, but it has never been measured objectively.

A 2 months prospective cross-sectional study was conducted to compare ED overcrowding measurement tools with the perceptions of ED emergency physician and ED assistant nursing superintendent (EDEP/EDANS).

The results have shown that perceptions of ED overcrowding as noted by EDEP and EDANS, taken on a Likert scale, were 83.34% and 86.67%, respectively. Kappa values show a significant agreement between EDEP and EDANS subjective perceptions with objective values of the National Emergency Department Overcrowding Study (NEDOCS), Real-time Emergency Analysis of Demand Indicators (READI), and Emergency Department Work Index (EDWIN) scales. Furthermore, all three scales have statistically significant correlation; NEDOCS and READI had highest level of correlation coefficient (
= 0.662,
< 0.01) whereas READI and EDWIN shows least correlation coefficient value (
= 0.155,
< 0.01).

Therefore, these scales may serve to quantify the subjective impressions of ED overcrowding. Selleck GSK 3 inhibitor Evidence is clear of overcrowding harms, measures are needed to provide urgent medical care and future work up is need of the hour to systematically evaluate interventions and guide evidence-based policies.
Therefore, these scales may serve to quantify the subjective impressions of ED overcrowding. Evidence is clear of overcrowding harms, measures are needed to provide urgent medical care and future work up is need of the hour to systematically evaluate interventions and guide evidence-based policies.
According to the World Health Organization, estimates about 1,800,000 people lived with disability in Tehran. Against there is little evidence of physical access to rehabilitation facilities in Tehran. This study is aimed to assess the physical access to physical rehabilitation facilities in Tehran and compare it with the country.

This is a cross-sectional study conducted since January to April 2017. We used a master facilities list of rehabilitation facility that developed in Iran to collect the information. The samples of this study included all existing physical rehabilitation centers in Tehran province. Data analysis was done using the SPSSr version 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).

The results showed that rehabilitation facilities existed at different levels, including inpatient (10.51), outpatient (224.28), community based (36.72), and long-term care (4.96)/1,000,000 populations. Rehabilitation services are provided by rehabilitation professional including Physical medicine and rehabilitation specialists (8.7), physiotherapists (132.89), occupational therapists (57.4), speech therapists (42.11), and audiologists (48.84) (in 1,000,000 populations).

Tehran needs to increase the physical access to rehabilitation facilities and compared with country was disproportionate physical access to facilities in most cases. It is necessary to establish an interdisciplinary referral system between different rehabilitation providers.
Tehran needs to increase the physical access to rehabilitation facilities and compared with country was disproportionate physical access to facilities in most cases. It is necessary to establish an interdisciplinary referral system between different rehabilitation providers.
The aim of the present study was to show the effect of public health educational campaign regarding antibiotic use and microbial resistance on knowledge, attitude, and practice of people in Isfahan.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted in October 2019 on the public population in Isfahan (a city in the center of Iran). Simple random sampling was done in ten urban areas.). A total of 708 people participated in the study. For assessing the knowledge, attitude, and practice a related researchers-made questionnaire was used in the present study. Finally, data were entered into SPSS (20) and analytical statistics including paired
-test were used. The statistical significance level was considered <0.05.

The majority of participants in this study were female 434 (61.9%) and the rest of them were male. The mean ± standard deviation of age was 31.68 (11.11), range of 11-67. More than 50 present of participants had a Bachelor's degree (37.7%) and diploma (27.7%). Most individuals were self-employed 277 (43.1%). About the type of marriage, 54.89% were single and others were married. Results showed that the mean of knowledge and attitude was increased after the intervention (
< 0.05).

Increase knowledge between people, adherence to treatment and minimizes healthcare costs, however, "antibiotics are misused so often because of the belief that these are benign drugs. In the absence of urgent corrective and protective actions, the world is heading towards a postantibiotic era, in which many common infections will no longer have a cure and once again, kill unabated.
Increase knowledge between people, adherence to treatment and minimizes healthcare costs, however, "antibiotics are misused so often because of the belief that these are benign drugs. In the absence of urgent corrective and protective actions, the world is heading towards a postantibiotic era, in which many common infections will no longer have a cure and once again, kill unabated.
The protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury mediated by remote limb ischemic postconditioning (RIPC) shows great clinical value in ischemic stroke therapy, but the particular mechanism of RIPC remains unclear.

We carried out middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) surgery on C57BL/6 male mice. RIPC was generated by 10-minute occlusion followed by the same period of reperfusion of the bilateral hind limb femoral artery and repeated for 3 cycles. Infarct size and neurological score were performed to assess stroke outcomes. Ly6C
monocytes were quantified in the blood and brain by flow cytometry. Real-time PCR, ELISA, and immunofluorescence were utilized to detect phenotype of proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 microglia/macrophage. Nuclear factor
B (NF-
B) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
(PPAR
) levels were detected using Western blot.

At 24 and 72 h after MCAO, RIPC drastically attenuated infarct size and ameliorated the neurological deficits of mice and facilitated transmigration of Ly6C
monocytes to the brain postischemia reperfusion. Furthermore, RIPC contributed to increased M2 and reduced M1 microglia/macrophage through inhibiting NF-
B and promoting PPAR
activation.

Our results reveal pharmacological effect of RIPC in promoting microglia/macrophage transferring from M1 to M2 phenotype after MCAO/R in mice, which provides theoretical support for the therapeutic effect of RIPC in ischemic stroke.
Our results reveal pharmacological effect of RIPC in promoting microglia/macrophage transferring from M1 to M2 phenotype after MCAO/R in mice, which provides theoretical support for the therapeutic effect of RIPC in ischemic stroke.
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