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The fungal microbial diversities of the treated/untreated plants were compared using high-throughput amplicon sequencing (HTAS). Treated plants showed 76.9% lower relative abundance of the genus Diaporthe and 70% lower relative abundance of the genus Phaeoacremonium 10 days after treatment. A similar scenario was observed for the genus Cadophora 180 days after treatment, where treated plants showed 76% lower relative abundance of this genus compared with untreated grapevines.The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) is an important transcription factor required for fungal development, nutrient utilization, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and defense against various stresses. Aspergillus flavus is a major producer of aflatoxin and an opportunistic fungus on a wide range of hosts. However, little is known about the role of most bZIP genes in A. flavus. In this study, we developed a high-throughput gene knockout method based on an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system. Gene knockout construction by yeast recombinational cloning and screening of the null mutants by double fluorescence provides an efficient way to construct gene-deleted mutants for this multinucleate fungus. We deleted 15 bZIP genes in A. flavus. Twelve of these genes were identified and characterized in this strain for the first time. The phenotypic analysis of these mutants showed that the 15 bZIP genes play a diverse role in mycelial growth (eight genes), conidiation (13 genes), aflatoxin biosynthesis (10 genes), oxidative stress response (11 genes), cell wall stress (five genes), osmotic stress (three genes), acid and alkali stress (four genes), and virulence to kernels (nine genes). Impressively, all 15 genes were involved in the development of sclerotia, and the respective deletion mutants of five of them did not produce sclerotia. Moreover, MetR was involved in this biological process. In addition, HapX and MetR play important roles in the adaptation to excessive iron and sulfur metabolism, respectively. These studies provide comprehensive insights into the role of bZIP transcription factors in this aflatoxigenic fungus of global significance.Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina) was developed as a microbial cell factory for the heterologous expression of fungal secondary metabolites. This was achieved by inactivation of sorbicillinoid biosynthesis and construction of vectors for the rapid cloning and expression of heterologous fungal biosynthetic genes. Two types of megasynth(et)ases were used to test the strain and vectors, namely a non-reducing polyketide synthase (nr-PKS, aspks1) from Acremonium strictum and a hybrid highly-reducing PKS non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (hr-PKS-NRPS, tenS + tenC) from Beauveria bassiana. The resulting engineered T. reesei strains were able to produce the expected natural products 3-methylorcinaldehyde and pretenellin A on waste materials including potato, orange, banana and kiwi peels and barley straw. Developing T. reesei as a heterologous host for secondary metabolite production represents a new method for waste valorization by the direct conversion of waste biomass into secondary metabolites.Cellular recycling via autophagy-associated proteins is a key catabolic pathway critical to invasive fungal pathogen growth and virulence in the nutrient-limited host environment. Protein kinase A (PKA) is vital for the growth and virulence of numerous fungal pathogens. However, the underlying basis for its regulation of pathogenesis remains poorly understood in any species. Our Aspergillus fumigatus PKA-dependent whole proteome and phosphoproteome studies employing advanced mass spectroscopic approaches identified numerous previously undefined PKA-regulated proteins in catabolic pathways. Here, we demonstrate reciprocal inhibition of autophagy and PKA activity, and identify 16 autophagy-associated proteins as likely novel PKA-regulated effectors. We characterize the novel PKA-phosphoregulated sorting nexin Atg20, and demonstrate its importance for growth, cell wall stress response, and virulence of A. fumigatus in a murine infection model. Additionally, we identify physical and functional interaction of Atg20 with previously characterized sorting nexin Atg24. Furthermore, we demonstrate the importance of additional uncharacterized PKA-regulated putative autophagy-associated proteins to hyphal growth. Our data presented here indicate that PKA regulates the autophagy pathway much more extensively than previously known, including targeting of novel effector proteins with fungal-specific functions important for invasive disease.Red yeast Sporidiobolus pararoseus KM281507 has been recognized as a potential feed additive. Beyond their nutritional value (carotenoids and lipids), red yeast cells (RYCs) containing high levels of β-glucan can bind mycotoxins. This study investigated the industrial feasibility of the large-scale production of RYCs, along with their ability to act as a mycotoxin binder. Under a semi-controlled pH condition in a 300 L bioreactor, 28.70-g/L biomass, 8.67-g/L lipids, and 96.10-mg/L total carotenoids were obtained, and the RYCs were found to contain 5.73% (w/w) β-glucan. The encapsulated RYC was in vitro tested for its mycotoxin adsorption capacity, including for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEA), ochratoxin A (OTA), T-2 toxin (T-2) and deoxynivalenol (DON). The RYCs had the highest binding capacity for OTA and T-2 at concentrations of 0.31-1.25 and 0.31-2.5 µg/mL, respectively. The mycotoxin adsorption capacity was further tested using a gastrointestinal poultry model. The adsorption capacities of the RYCs and a commercial mycotoxin binder (CMB) were comparable. The RYCs not only are rich in lipids and carotenoids but also play an important role in mycotoxin binding. Since the industrial-scale production and downstream processing of RYCs were successfully demonstrated, RYCs could be applied as possible feed additives.Mucormycosis (a.k.a. zygomycosis) is an often-life-threatening disease caused by fungi from the ancient fungal division Mucoromycota. Globally, there are nearly a million people with the disease. Rhizopus spp., and R. delemar (R. oryzae, R. arrhizus) in particular, are responsible for most of the diagnosed cases. Pulmonary, rhino-orbito-cerebral, and invasive mucormycosis are most effectively treated with amphotericin B (AmB) and particularly with liposomal formulations (e.g., AmBisome®). However, even after antifungal therapy, there is still a 50% mortality rate. Hence, there is a critical need to improve therapeutics for mucormycosis. Targeting AmB-loaded liposomes (AmB-LLs) with the pathogen receptor Dectin-1 (DEC1-AmB-LLs) to the beta-glucans expressed on the surface of Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans lowers the effective dose required to kill cells relative to untargeted AmB-LLs. Because Dectin-1 is an immune receptor for R. delemar infections and may bind it directly, we explored the Dectin-1-mediated delivery of liposomal AmB to R. delemar. DEC1-AmB-LLs bound 100- to 1000-fold more efficiently to the exopolysaccharide matrix of R. HDAC activity assay delemar germlings and mature hyphae relative to AmB-LLs. DEC1-AmB-LLs delivering sub-micromolar concentrations of AmB were an order of magnitude more efficient at inhibiting and/or killing R. delemar than AmB-LLs. Targeted antifungal drug-loaded liposomes have the potential to improve the treatment of mucormycosis.
To systematically review literature enabling the comparison of the efficacy of pharmaceutical treatments for tinea pedis in adults.
Systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with mycological cure as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes did include the clinical assessment of resolving infection or symptoms, duration of treatment, adverse events, adherence, and recurrence.
Study participants suffering from only tinea pedis that were treated with a pharmaceutical treatment. The study must have been conducted using an RCT study design and recording age of the participant > 16 years of age.
A total of seven studies met the inclusion criteria, involving 1042 participants. The likelihood of resolution in study participants treated with terbinafine was RR 3.9 (95% CI 2.0-7.8) times those with a placebo. Similarly, the allylamine butenafine was effective by RR 5.3 (95% CI 1.4-19.6) compared to a placebo. Butenafine was similarly efficacious to terbinafine RR 1.3 (95% CI 0.4-4.4). Terbim and that did not suffer greater than 20% loss to follow-up. We would like to see improved reporting of clinical trials in academic literature. Registration name Treatment's for athlete's foot-systematic review with meta-analysis [CRD42020162078].Aspergillus fumigatus has become a significant threat in clinical settings. Cases of invasive infections with azole-resistant A. fumigatus isolates (ARAF) increased recently. Developing strategies for dealing with ARAF has become crucial. We here investigated the in-vitro and in-vivo activity of the imidazole luliconazole (LLCZ) against clinical ARAF. In total, the LLCZ minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were tested for 101 A. fumigatus isolates (84 ARAF and 17 azole-susceptible A. fumigatus as wild-type controls) according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Additionally, antifungal activity was assessed in vitro, including an XTT planktonic growth kinetics assay and biofilm assays (crystal violet and XTT assay). Further, a single-dose LLCZ treatment (152 mg/L) was tested for seven days in vivo in a Galleria mellonella infection model. LLCZ showed an MIC50 of 0.002 mg/L and no significant difference was found between triazole-resistant and wild-type isolates. Growth inhibition took place between 6 and 12 h after the start of incubation. LLCZ inhibited biofilm formation when added in the pre-adhesion stages. In vivo, single-dose LLCZ-treated larvae show a significantly higher survival percentage than the control group (20%). In conclusion, LLCZ has activity against planktonic cells and early biofilms of ARAF.Gymnopus is a widely distributed genus consisting of about 300 species thus far, including Gymnopus fusipes as a generic type. A total of nine species from China belong to the sect. Levipedes, including eight new species-Gymnopus longisterigmaticus, Gymnopus longus, Gymnopus macrosporus, Gymnopus striatus, Gymnopus changbaiensis, Gymnopus tomentosus, Gymnopus tiliicola, and Gymnopus globulosus-which were delimited and proposed based on morphological and molecular evidence; and one new record from Jilin Province, China-Gymnopus erythropus. Detailed descriptions and illustrations are presented, as well as comparisons to similar species. Overall, our results broaden the morphological characterization of the genus. The pileipellis of sect. Levipedes typically takes on the "Dryophila structure", while, in our findings, pileipellis terminal hyphae inflated to spherical to prolate were observed, in addition to extremely long basidia sterigma. The phylogenies inferred from the ITS and nLSU dataset supported the Gymnopus, which was defined by Oliveira et al. as a monophyletic genus, and the novel species as separate lineages within. A key to all species described in this study is also provided.
Here's my website: https://www.selleckchem.com/HDAC.html
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