Notes

α-Carotene and β-Carotene Written content in Natural and Cooked Pulp of Three Fully developed Phase Winter Lead pages "Type Butternut".
Obesity is an important public health problem and is on the rise among adolescents in developed and developing nations. This case-control study was done to assess the dietary risk factors associated with obesity among school children of the adolescent age group.

This study was done among age-matched 110 cases and 110 controls who were adolescent children between ages 10 and 17 years. Data were collected using a pretested, structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire and was analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics.

About 52.7% of children belonged to the age group 13-15 years. Adequate fruits intake was reported by 42.7% of obese adolescents and 60% of nonobese adolescents. Adequate intake of vegetables was noted in 20.9% of cases and 24.5% of controls. The risk factors which were found to be statistically associated with adolescent obesity were increased fast food intake, sweets consumption, inadequate fruit intake, and the liberty given by the parents in purchasing snacks.

Since adolescent obesity is rising at an alarming rate, the dietary determinants of obesity need to be addressed at the level of schools, families, and community. School health services should include education on healthy food habits and regular monitoring of the health status of children. Parents need to be aware on the significance of balanced diet, avoidance of junk foods, and ensure adequate intake of fruits and vegetables for their children to prevent early onset of noncommunicable diseases.
Since adolescent obesity is rising at an alarming rate, the dietary determinants of obesity need to be addressed at the level of schools, families, and community. School health services should include education on healthy food habits and regular monitoring of the health status of children. Parents need to be aware on the significance of balanced diet, avoidance of junk foods, and ensure adequate intake of fruits and vegetables for their children to prevent early onset of noncommunicable diseases.
The presently used perinatal death certificate devised by the World Health Organization is incomplete and does not help in identifying "preventability."

To develop tools that can help identify (1) preventable perinatal death and (2) preventable and/or avoidable cause for perinatal deaths.

As a prerequisite for conduct of a community-based interventional study in two different districts of Karnataka state, two information tools, Perinatal death reporting form (PeNDReF) and perinatal death audit report (PeNDAR), were designed. The process involved series of preparatory and review meetings, before and after the field work to list facilities available, categorize facilities, identify causality, assess risk factors, and assert preventability of a perinatal death. The process was repeated over a period of 6 months and the information tools, PeNDReF and PeNDAR, were finalized. Doctors and paramedical personnel of both the districts were trained to fill the tools, which were analyzed to ascertain contributing risk factors and identify preventable perinatal death.

The use of PeNDAR led to identification of 5.7% of perinatal deaths as "preventable" and 19% as "possibly preventable." The use of PeNDReF helped in the identification of risk factors (maternal anemia 49.6%, age of marriage <20 years 18.7%, and maternal weight <50 kg 9.1%), avoidable/preventable factors related to quality of care, transport, and referral.

These tools are useful for identifying "preventable" perinatal deaths and avoidable/preventable factors.
These tools are useful for identifying "preventable" perinatal deaths and avoidable/preventable factors.
Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring hemodialysis. The social impact of a chronic disease like this is far reaching and often difficult to quantify.

To assess the social impact of ESRD among type 2 diabetics requiring hemodialysis and their caregivers.

A cross-sectional study was carried out between February 2017 and 18 among patients with type 2 diabetes requiring hemodialysis and their caregivers, attending the dialysis unit at St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bengaluru, India. Social impact was assessed under the domains of stress (physiologic and psychologic), quality of life (QOL), cost of care, self-perceived burden, and caregiver burden. Study tools used were semi-structured interview schedule for sociodemographic data, details regarding diabetes, hemodialysis and cost of care, EuroQol-5D-3L, hemodialysis stressor scale, Cousineau Self-Perceived Burden Scale, and Caregiver Burden Scale.

A total of 160 participants were included. Majority werep reduce the impact.
Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a major health issue worldwide. Screening and early diagnosis are the key elements for the better prognosis of potentially malignant oral disorders.

This study establishes the effectiveness of fluorescence imaging device in the early detection and precise examination of the normal-appearing oral mucosa of tobacco chewer patients in white light and fluorescence light.

The study consists of a total of 150 patients equally categorized into frequent tobacco chewers with normal mucosa, precancerous lesion, and cancerous lesion. Out of which 10 cases were excluded due to technical errors and consent-related issues. The correlation between examined oral mucosa under white light and fluorescence light was evaluated through a 2 × 3 contingency table Chi-square test.

Out of 140 participants with a positive cancer diagnosis, there are 43 and 53 patients were sensitive to white light andfluorescence light, respectively. The estimated values for sensitivity and specificity were 0.83 (95% confidence interval 0.736-0.906) for biopsy report diagnosis.

Although autofluorescence device plays a critical role in the diagnosis of precancerous oral mucosal lesions in the early stages, the histopathological evaluation remains the gold standard diagnostic approach for this life-threatening disease. Due to the high sensitivity of autofluorescence examination, it has a vital role in determining high-risk oral lesions (precancerous) and oral cancer in mass screening programs for the cancer-prone population.
Although autofluorescence device plays a critical role in the diagnosis of precancerous oral mucosal lesions in the early stages, the histopathological evaluation remains the gold standard diagnostic approach for this life-threatening disease. Due to the high sensitivity of autofluorescence examination, it has a vital role in determining high-risk oral lesions (precancerous) and oral cancer in mass screening programs for the cancer-prone population.
Medication and low salt diet adherence play as an essential factor in blood pressure target achievement. Community health worker empowerment was reported to be a highly effective social intervention to medication and low salt diet adherence.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of structured health education regarding hypertension on community health workers on medication and low salt diet adherence among hypertensive patients in Malang.

A quasi-experimental study was conducted in health workers and their hypertensive patients who join in the Integrated Health Service Post for the Elderly (IHSP-Elderly) program in Malang. Medication adherence was measured by the medication adherence questionnaire and low salt diet adherence was measured by dietary salt restriction questionnaire. SAR405 cell line The data were analyzed by Chi-square analysis for categorical data and independent
-test for numerical data.

This study showed that hypertensive patients in the intervention group had better knowledge regarding hypertension compared to those of the control group (
< 0.05). The patients' satisfaction in intervention group improved significantly after health education (
< 0.01). The proportion of patients with good medication adherence improved significantly (
< 0.01) from 20% to 70% after health education in intervention group. Moreover, the proportion of patients with good low salt diet compliance improved significantly (
< 0.01) from 39% to 85%. Conversely, the proportion of good medication and low salt diet adherence in control group relatively similar between pre- and post-test.

This study showed that health education on community health workers improved hypertensive patients' medication and low salt diet adherence.
This study showed that health education on community health workers improved hypertensive patients' medication and low salt diet adherence.
The Indonesian elderly population keeps increasing. Aging is related with degeneration process, one of which is a decrease in cognitive function, including visuospatial ability. This is the first study on the visuospatial ability of Indonesian older people.

This research aimed to assess the visuospatial ability and its correlation with sex, age, education, and general cognitive function among older people in Indonesia.

The research subjects were older people aged ≥60 years with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≥24. The visuospatial ability was assessed using Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) Block Design Test (BDT). Regression analysis was performed to reveal the correlation of sex, age, education, and global cognitive function with visuospatial ability.

Sixty older people participated in this research, with an average age of 68.08 ± 6.24, mean MMSE score of 27.43 ± 1.71, and mean WAIS-R BDT score of 27.8 ± 7.27. The female and older individuals tended to have lower scores. Subjects with higher education and global cognitive function had higher WAIS-R BDT scores. Regression analysis showed that age and sex did not have significant effect, but education and global cognitive function had positive effect on visuospatial ability.

There is a significant correlation between education and global cognitive function with visuospatial ability among older people in Indonesia.
There is a significant correlation between education and global cognitive function with visuospatial ability among older people in Indonesia.
Paddy farming is one of the main occupations in Kashmir valley. The workers associated with paddy are exposed to variety of irritants such as manures, fertilizers, and pesticides, besides getting exposed to intense sunlight for long hours due to the nature of their work. All these factors can potentially either trigger skin diseases or can worsen them.

The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence and pattern of various skin disorders among paddy field workers in Kashmir valley.

This was a cross-sectional descriptive study in which 600 workers engaged in paddy farming in different areas of Kashmir valley were screened. The diagnosis was made on clinical grounds and wherever deemed necessary, relevant investigations were carried out to establish the nature of the disease.

A total of 600 workers were evaluated for the presence of skin disorders. Two hundred thirty workers (38.3%) were found to have skin lesions, while the rest, i.e. 370 (61.7%) were free from any skin problem. Out of the total skin lesions, infectious ones were seen in 40.4%, while non-infectious accounted for 59.6% cases. The main non-infectious disorders included melasma, followed by hand and foot eczemas, hyperkeratosis of palms and soles and callosities/cuts, while among the infectious group the major chunk was formed by bacterial infections followed by fungal, viral, and parasitic. Pitted keratolysis and intertrigo were the most common bacterial and fungal infections respectively.

A large number of skin diseases were seen in paddy field workers, with some diseases showing an occupational nature.
A large number of skin diseases were seen in paddy field workers, with some diseases showing an occupational nature.
Here's my website: https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sar405.html