Notes

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Acupuncture treatment can regulate blood pressure (BP) through multiple levels and ways. In the present paper, we reviewed the progress of researches on the underlying mechanisms of acupuncture in lowering BP from 1) regulation of activities of the neuroendocrine, 2) improvement of metabolic abnormality, and 3) alternation of gene expression in the heart and BP-regulation-related centers of the brain. Selleck Ipatasertib The neuroendocrine mechanism mainly involves the inhibition of neuroinflammatory reaction in some higher brain regions, reduction of neuronal apoptosis, and suppression of the sympathetic cardiovascular regulatory functional areas of the brain stem, regulation of neurotransmitters and autonomic balance, activation of brain areas related to BP regulation, and promotion of functional connection between brain networks. The improvement of metabolic abnormality mainly refers to amelioration of imbalance of intestinal flora and target metabolites related to hypertension. The alteration of gene expression mainly manifests as up- and down-regulation of expression of genes related to oxidative stress, inflammation and vascular endothelial function in the myocardium, hypothalamus, rostral ventrolateral medulla. We reviewed the new research progress on the mechanism of acupuncture for hypertension, in order to provide evidence and research ideas for the treatment of related cardiovascular diseases by using acupuncture therapy in the future.
To explore the effect on the core symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) treated with acupuncture at "ghost points", combined with the acupoints selected by syndrome differentiation.

A total of 124 ASD children were divided into a control group and a treatment group according to random number table, 62 cases in each group. In the control group, the routine rehabilitation treatment was provided in all of children, while in the treatment group, acupuncture was exerted at "ghost points", combined with the acupoints selected by syndrome differentiation. Acupuncture treatment was conducted for 15 min each time, 5 days weekly, for 3 months totally. link2 Before and after treatment, the children were assessed with autism spectrum rating scale (ASRS) in two groups.

After treatment, the total score (T-score) of ASRS and the score of each sub-scale, e.g. peer socialization, adult socialization, social/emotional reciprocity, atypical language, stereotypy, repetitive behavior, sensory sensitivity, attention/self-regulation were all reduced remarkably as compared with those before treatment in intra-group comparison (
<0.05,
<0.01). Compared with the control group, the scores aforementioned were all significantly reduced in the treatment group (
<0.05).

Acupuncture at "ghost poitns" combined with the acupoints selected by syndrome differentiation effectively relieves the core symptoms of ASD in children and improves the holistic therapeutic effect.
Acupuncture at "ghost poitns" combined with the acupoints selected by syndrome differentiation effectively relieves the core symptoms of ASD in children and improves the holistic therapeutic effect.
To observe the clinical efficacy of Tiaoshen needling (dredging Governor Vessel and regulating mind)in the treatment of chronic insomnia (CI) and its effect on plasma melatonin (MT) and cortisol (CORT) levels, so as to explore its underlying mechanism.

Sixty patients with CI were randomly divided into the treatment group and the control group, with 30 cases in each group. Both groups were given sleep hygiene education before treatment. Patients in the treatment group received acupuncture or electroacupuncture at Baihui (GV20), Shenting (GV24), Yintang (GV29), bilateral Shenmen (HT7) and Sanyinjiao (SP6). Patients in the control group received acupuncture or electroacupuncture at bilateral Shousanli (LI10), Futu (ST32) and Feiyang(BL58). Both groups were treated every other day, 3 times a week, for a total of 4 weeks. Before and after treatment, Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) and fatigue severity scale (FSS) were used to evaluate sleep qua-lity and daytime fatigue, the plasma MT and CORT levels wereficantly improve the sleep quality of patients with CI and relieve daytime fatigue, which may be related to the increase of plasma MT content in patients with CI, thereby inhibiting the excessive activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
To observe the effect of transcutaneous electric acupoints stimulation (TEAS) on vascular endothelial function and inflammatory factors after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients.

A total of 94 patients with coronary heart disease and undergoing PCI were randomized into a TEAS group and a sham-TEAS group, 47 cases in each one. In the TEAS group, TEAS started at unilateral Neiguan (PC6) and Ximen (PC4) 30 min before PCI till the end of PCI. In the sham-TEAS group, the procedure and persistent time were same as the TEAS group, but no electric stimulation was performed. Before treatment and at 8 h and 24 h after PCI, the levels of serum endothelin-1 (ET-1), von Willebrand factor (vWF), nitric oxide (NO), blood flow dependent diastolic function (FMD), interleukin-6 (IL-6), inteleukin-10 (IL-10), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were detected in the patients successively.

Compared with the levels before PCI, the levels of ET-1 and vWF were all increased at 8 h and 24 h after PCI in the two groups (
<0.05) and the levels in the TEAS group were remarkably lower than those in the sham-TEAS group (
<0.05). Compared with the levels before PCI, the levels of NO and FMD at 8 h and 24 h after PCI were all reduced in the two groups (
<0.05) and the levels in the TEAS group were higher obviously than those in the sham-TEAS group (
<0.05). Compared with the levels before PCI, the levels of hs-CRP, MMP-9, IL-6 and IL-10 were all increased at 8 h and 24 h after PCI in the two groups (
<0.05); Compared with the sham-TEAS group, the levels of hs-CRP, MMP-9 and IL-6 were reduced and the level of IL-10 was increased at 8 h and 24 h after PCI in the TEAS group (
<0.05).

TEAS effectively improves the vascular endothelial function and reduces serum inflammatory factors after PCI.
TEAS effectively improves the vascular endothelial function and reduces serum inflammatory factors after PCI.
To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at "Zhiyang" (GV9) and "Jizhong" (GV6) of the Governor Vessel on the expression of calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP)and NOD-like receptor pyrin containing 3 (NLRP3) in the injured anterior horn (AH) of rats with spinal cord injury (SCI), so as to explore its mechanisms underlying improvement of SCI.

Thirty-six male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation (sham) group, model group and EA group which were further randomly allocated to 7 day (d) and 14 d subgroups (
=6 per subgroup). The SCI model was established by clamping the exposed spinal cord with an aneurysm clip. Rats of the EA group received EA of GV6 and GV9 for 30 min, once daily for 7 and 14 days, respectively. The Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) was used to assess changes of the locomotor function on the 1
, 3
, 7
and 14
day after SCI. The protein expression levels of CGRP, NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) and cysteinyl aspartate specific protease-1 (caated with its function in up-regulating the expression of CGRP and down-regulating the expression of NLRP3, ASC and caspase-1 proteins in the spinal anterior horn tissue.
To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) preconditioning of "Shenmen" (HT7)-"Tongli" (HT5) segment of the Heart Meridian on neuronal electrical activities of lateral hypothalamus area (LHA) in rats with myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI), so as to investigate its possible mechanism underlying improvement of MIRI.

Twenty-four SD rats were randomly divided into sham, model, EA and damage + EA (D+EA) groups, with 6 rats in each group. The MIRI model was established by occlusion of the anterior descending branch (ADB) of the left coronary artery for 30 min, followed by reperfusion for 2 h. In the sham operation group, the ADB was only threaded beneath the artery without ligation. EA (2 Hz, 1 V) was applied to bilateral HT7-HT5 for 20 min, once daily for 7 days. In the D+EA group, FN was injected with 0.4 μL of 1 g/L kainic acid solution. Electrocardiogram (ECG) of the neck-thoracic lead was recorded by using PowerLab. The electrical activities of the LHA region were recorded by the implante MIRI. Real-time spectrum analysis showed that the local field potential spectrum energy of the EA group was significantly lower than that of the model group and the D+EA group.

EA preconditioning of Heart Meridian can significantly increase the discharge frequency of LHA excitatory pyramidal neurons and reduce the energy of the local field potential spectrum, which maybe one of the important mechanisms of EA in anti -MIRI.
EA preconditioning of Heart Meridian can significantly increase the discharge frequency of LHA excitatory pyramidal neurons and reduce the energy of the local field potential spectrum, which maybe one of the important mechanisms of EA in anti -MIRI.
To observe the effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on the autonomic nerve function in a rat model of functional dyspepsia (FD), so as to explore the mechanism of taVNS underlying regulation of FD.

SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group(n=8) and FD model group(n=26).The FD model was replicated with iodoacetamide gavage. The FD model rats were randomly divided into model, taVNS, sham-taVNS and Zusanli(ST36) groups, with 6 rats in each group. Rats in the taVNS group received electrical stimulation of auricular concha,while the sham-taVNS group received no electrical stimulation and rats in the ST36 group received stimulation at ST36 for 30 min once daily for 14 consecutive days. Cervical trapezius electromyography score and abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) score were used to evaluate gastric sensitivity. Histopathological changes of the gastric antrum tissue were observed under microscope after H.E. staining. Autonomic nerve function in rats was recorded and athe model group.

taVNS can increase the activity of the vagus nerve and regulate the balance of the autonomic nerve function, which may be one of the mechanisms of taVNS in reducing the gastric sensitivity of rats with FD. In regulating the vagus nerve function, taVNS and acupuncture at ST36 acupoint have the similar effects.
taVNS can increase the activity of the vagus nerve and regulate the balance of the autonomic nerve function, which may be one of the mechanisms of taVNS in reducing the gastric sensitivity of rats with FD. In regulating the vagus nerve function, taVNS and acupuncture at ST36 acupoint have the similar effects.
To investigate the effect of internal heat-type acupuncture needle on the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), and receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) rabbits, so as to explore its mechanisms in relieving KOA.

Thirty New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into control, model and treatment groups, with 10 rabbits in each group. The KOA model was established by using Hulth method. link3 The rabbits of the treatment group received internal heat-type acupuncture needles (42 ℃) on the left hind limb 20 min, once a week for 4 weeks. The behavioral scores were assessed according to the pain severity, gait, joint motion range and articular swelling severity in reference to the modified Lequesne's methods. Toluidine Blue staining was performed to observe the structure of the subchondral bone and to analyze the difference of morphometric parameters. The protein and mRNA expressions of OPG, RANKL and RANK were detected by Western blot and real-time PCR, respectively.
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