Notes

Realist analysis: an immanent evaluate.
Ultrasensitive seed amplification techniques may support a biomarker-drug co-development pathway and may be a pathophysiological candidate biomarker for the evolving ATX(N) system to classify AD and the spectrum of primary NDDs. This would contribute to a precise approach to AD, aimed at implementing disease-modifying treatments.
α-syn may contribute to progressive AD neurodegeneration through cross-seeding especially with tau protein. Ultrasensitive seed amplification techniques may support a biomarker-drug co-development pathway and may be a pathophysiological candidate biomarker for the evolving ATX(N) system to classify AD and the spectrum of primary NDDs. This would contribute to a precise approach to AD, aimed at implementing disease-modifying treatments.This study investigated the initial three-month impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the explicit processes towards physical activity (PA). In addition, we explored whether potential changes in explicit processes are associated with changes in PA and sedentary behavior (SB). Seventeen older adults (aged 65.7 ± 3.8 years; 76.5% women) with hypertension were included in this longitudinal study performed in Natal, Brazil. Explicit processes (explicit attitude [perceived benefits and cons perceived], social norms, social modeling, self-efficacy, intention and motivation) were evaluated through self-reported questionnaire before (January to March 2020) and during (June 2020) the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, PA and SB were measured by accelerometry during seven days. Generalized linear and mixed models were used for data analysis. There was a decrease in the explicit attitudes (β = - 4.8, p = 0.001) and moderate-vigorous PA (β = - 4.8, p = 0.035) during the COVID-19. Changes in the explicit attitudes were associated with the changes in the moderate-vigorous PA (β = - 1.6, 95% CI - 2.9, - 0.3, p = 0.034). No significant changes were found in the additional explicit process measures, time spent doing light PA and SB, and step count. Our findings may suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the explicit attitudes related to PA and contributed to decrease the time spent in the moderate-vigorous PA in older adults with hypertension.The current study investigated differences between resilience and posttraumatic growth (PTG) by examining their distinctive roles in perceptions of and attitudes toward depression. A series of mixed ANOVAs analyzed the differences in individuals' perceptions of and attitudes towards depression. College students (N = 300) completed a survey including the Brief Resilience Scale and the short form of the PTG Inventory and then read and evaluated vignettes describing an individual with either modern-type or traditional-type depression. Those high in resilience found individuals with depression, especially modern-type, less familiar and were less likely to think therapy would effectively help them. Those high in PTG found depressed individuals more familiar and were more willing to provide support regardless of depression type. These results suggest differing attitudes toward mental disorders based on levels of PTG and resilience, displaying critical differences in their nature.The revised Japan Stroke Society Guidelines for the Treatment of Stroke were published in Japanese in July 2021. In this article, the extracted recommendation statements are published. The revision keeps pace with the great progress in stroke control based on the recently enacted Basic Act on Stroke and Cardiovascular Disease in Japan. The guideline covers the following areas primary prevention, general acute management of stroke, ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, asymptomatic cerebrovascular disease, other cerebrovascular disease, and rehabilitation.
Insulin is temperature sensitive as high temperatures reduce its potency. Refrigeration for insulin storage is still needed but households in remote areas do not have refrigerators. Also, the electricity supply is usually affected by natural disasters. We aim to examine the temperature-reducing efficacy of cooling devices in hot-humid conditions.

Five cooling devices, (1) earthen jar filled with water, (2) earthen jar filled with soil, (3) two clay pots, gap filled with wet soil, (4) two clay pots, gap filled with wet sand, and (5) commercial cooling wallet were used in this study. External and internal temperatures were monitored by the temperature logger between October 2019 and September 2020 in Narathiwat, Thailand. Cooling efficacy was assessed by average absolute temperature reduction and relative cooling effect.

Mean external temperature and humidity were 27.3 ± 1.5 °C and 78.2 ± 7.1%RH. The mean differences between the external and internal temperatures were; device (1) -0.1 ± 0.6 °C (
= NS), (2) 0.0 ± 0.8 °C (
= NS), (3) -1.7 ± 0.9 °C (
 < .0001), (4) -2.0 ± 0.9 °C (
 < .0001), and (5) -1.8 ± 0.9 °C (
 < .0001). Device no. 3, 4, and 5 achieved a constant temperature reduction. The most efficacious device was device no. 4 with a relative cooling effect of 63.6% better than the cooling wallet (57.7%,
 = .003). All devices were more efficacious at lower humidity levels.

Traditional low-cost devices, such as clay pots, reduce storage temperatures to or close to room temperature in hot-humid climates. This study provides some guidance for insulin storage in hot-humid environments.
Traditional low-cost devices, such as clay pots, reduce storage temperatures to or close to room temperature in hot-humid climates. This study provides some guidance for insulin storage in hot-humid environments.This study examined the effects of agency assignment on response to messages advocating threat preparedness, highlighting interactions between agency assignment and threat type. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions crossing human agency vs. threat agency with human ascribed threats vs. threats not ascribed to humans. Two messages were shown in random order in each condition with responses measured after each message. In line with extant research, results showed a significant main effect for agency assignment on behavioral intentions such that, relative to human agency, threat agency increased intentions to follow message recommendations for threat preparedness. The main effect of agency assignment was qualified by an agency assignment by threat type interaction, indicating a partial matching effect on behavioral intentions wherein threat agency led to greater behavioral intentions than human agency for threats not ascribed to humans - but not for threats ascribed to humans. Results, limitations, and implications of the study are discussed.Aluminum (Al) is an environmentally abundant metal that is not essential for life. There is considerable evidence that Al as a neurotoxic xenobiotic may play a role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Exposure to aluminum has been shown to cause neuronal damage that resembles the symptoms of AD. In this review, we will summarize recent data about Al as the possible risk of incidence of AD. Then glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3β) contributes to the hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein, the main component of neurofibrillary tangles, one of the hallmarks of AD as one of the mechanisms behind Al neurotoxicity will be covered. Overall, there is still a need for epidemiological studies and more in vivo and in vitro studies to determine the exact mechanisms of its neurotoxicity and the role of GSK3β in both Al toxic effect and AD.
To compare the effects of exergaming versus conventional exercises on cognition, lower-limb functional coordination, and stepping time in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS).

Thirty-six PwMS were randomly assigned to either intervention (
 = 18) or control (
 = 18) group and received 18 training sessions during six weeks. The intervention group performed exergames that required multidirectional timed-stepping, weight-shifting, and walking while the control group performed conventional matched exercises. Trail making test (TMT part A, B; TMT-A, TMT-B, TMT B-A), six-spot step test (SSST), and choice stepping reaction time (CSRT-including reaction time (RT), movement time (MVT), and total response time (TRT)) were assessed pre- and post-intervention (short-term), and after three-month follow-up (mid-term).

The intervention group showed faster TMT-B (
=0.003) and TMT B-A (
=0.002) at post-intervention and faster SSST at both post-intervention (
=0.002) and follow-up (
=0.04). The CSRT componentsstepping reaction time compared to their matched conventional treatment.
In short-term, exergames led to more improvements in complex attention, executive function, and lower-limb functional coordination comparing to the matched conventional exercises. In mid-term, exergaming was more effective for improving stepping time and lower-limb functional coordination. AZD1080 cell line However, the two approaches did not show any superiority over each other for improving simple attention and RT.Implications for rehabilitationWhen designed properly, exergames have great potential to improve attention and executive function of people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), at least in the short-term.Exergames seem like an appropriate option for improving lower limb coordination and decreasing choice stepping response time among PwMS in the mid-term.Exergames do not have superiority in improving the choice stepping reaction time compared to their matched conventional treatment.Seed longevity is a measure of the viability of seeds during long-term storage and is crucial for germplasm conservation and crop improvement programs. Also, longevity is an important trait for ensuring food and nutritional security. Thus, a better understanding of various factors regulating seed longevity is requisite to improve this trait and to minimize the genetic drift during the regeneration of germplasm. In particular, seed deterioration of cereal crops during storage adversely affects agricultural productivity and food security. The irreversible process of seed deterioration involves a complex interplay between different genes and regulatory pathways leading to loss of DNA integrity, membrane damage, inactivation of storage enzymes and mitochondrial dysfunction. Identifying the genetic determinants of seed longevity and manipulating them using biotechnological tools hold the key to ensuring prolonged seed storage. Genetics and genomics approaches had identified several genomic regions regulating the longevity trait in major cereals such as rice, wheat, maize and barley. However, very few studies are available in other Poaceae members, including millets. Deploying omics tools, including genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and phenomics, and integrating the datasets will pinpoint the precise molecular determinants affecting the survivability of seeds. Given this, the present review enumerates the genetic factors regulating longevity and demonstrates the importance of integrated omics strategies to dissect the molecular machinery underlying seed deterioration. Further, the review provides a roadmap for deploying biotechnological approaches to manipulate the genes and genomic regions to develop improved cultivars with prolonged storage potential.
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