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Sophisticated sol-gel procedure for efficient heterogeneous ring-closing metathesis.
Shoulder injuries are highly prevalent in sports involving the upper extremity. Some risk factors have been identified in the literature, but consensus is still lacking.

To identify risk factors of overuse shoulder injury in overhead athletes, as described in the literature.

A systematic review of the literature from the years 1970 to 2018 was performed using 2 electronic databases PubMed and Scopus.

Prospective studies, written in English, that described at least 1 risk factor associated with overuse shoulder injuries in overhead sports (volleyball, handball, basketball, swimming, water polo, badminton, baseball, and tennis) were considered for analysis.

Systematic review.

Level 3.

Data were extracted from 25 studies. selleck Study methodology quality was evaluated using the Modified Coleman Methodology Score.

Intrinsic factors, previous injury, range of motion (lack or excess), and rotator cuff weakness (isometric and isokinetic) highly increase the risk of future injuries. Additionally, years of athletic practice, body mass index, sex, age, and level of play seem to have modest influence. As for the effect of scapular dysfunction on shoulder injuries, it is still controversial, though these are typically linked. Extrinsic factors, field position, condition of practice (match/training), time of season, and training load also have influence on the occurrence of shoulder injuries.

Range of motion, rotator cuff muscle weakness, and training load are important modifiable factors associated with shoulder injuries. Scapular dysfunction may also have influence. The preventive approach for shoulder injury should focus on these factors.
Range of motion, rotator cuff muscle weakness, and training load are important modifiable factors associated with shoulder injuries. Scapular dysfunction may also have influence. The preventive approach for shoulder injury should focus on these factors.
The aim of this work was to explore identified risk factors for suicidal ideations and attempts and the differences in these risk factors between emergency department encounters among youth seeking medical care for suicide attempt and those with suicidal ideation.

This was a retrospective analysis of suicide-related claims for emergency department visits from nine state-level Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project databases for youth aged 5 through 19 years. Risk factors were estimated by identifying comorbidities recorded in first five diagnosis codes. Odds ratios comparing rates of these comorbidities in encounters for suicide attempts compared to encounters for suicidal ideation were estimated using multivariate logistic regression.

In all, 169,047 encounters for suicide-related behavior were identified. We found higher odds of concurrent anxiety, personality disorders, and alcohol-related diagnoses and lower odds of a comorbid psychosis diagnosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other substance-related diagnoses in the population of suicide attempters compared to patients with suicidal ideation alone.

The odds of diagnoses of specific comorbidities differed in youth encounters for suicide attempts compared to encounters for suicidal ideation.
The odds of diagnoses of specific comorbidities differed in youth encounters for suicide attempts compared to encounters for suicidal ideation.
The opioid epidemic has been well-documented in the general population, but the literature pertaining to opioid use and misuse in the athletic population remains limited.

The objectives of this study were to seek answers to the following questions (1) what are the rates of opioid use and misuse among athletes, (2) do these rates differ compared with the nonathletic population, and (3) are there specific subgroups of the athletic population (eg, based on sport, level of play) who may be at higher risk?

The Embase, MEDLINE, and PubMed were used for the literature search.

Records were screened in duplicate for studies reporting rates of opioid use among athletes. All study designs were included.

Systematic review.

Level 4.

Data regarding rates of opioid use, medication types, prescription patterns, and predictors of future opioid use were collected. Study quality was assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) criteria for clinical studies and 5 key domains previouslathletes, and use during a playing career predicts postretirement use. This issue exists even at the high school level, with similar rates to professional athletes. Further higher quality observational studies are needed to better define patterns of opioid use in athletes.A Picornavirus (Ljungan virus [LV]) originally found in bank voles has been associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in its wild rodent reservoir, but also associated with T1D in a laboratory rat model for the disease, the diabetes prone (DP) Bio Breeding (BB) rat. Successful treatment of diabetes in this rat model, using experimental antiviral compounds directed against picornavirus, has been reported. In the present study we show significant clinical response in DP-BB rats using antiviral compounds available for human use (Pleconaril, Efavirenz, and Ribavirin). Presence of LV picornavirus antigen has been detected in islets of Langerhans from both human and the T1D rat model with clear morphological similarity. Based on these data it would be of interest to test antiviral treatment in patients with newly diagnosed T1D. Successful outcome will offer both proof of concept regarding the role of virus involvement in the disease and possibly a first generation treatment interrupting a persistent infection and stopping β-cell destruction.In vitro diagnostics (IVDs) are medical devices and accessories used to test bodily samples for causative agents of disease. IVDs play a central role in the diagnosis of individuals, in the rationale use of medicines, in burden of disease estimates, as well as in public health surveillance; especially for detection of emerging epidemics, the identification and monitoring of antimicrobial resistance, and the documentation of infection rates in populations. This article examines how the state of (a) product quality, (b) pricing, and (c) development country manufacturing capacity, are affecting the supply of IVDs in Low-Income Countries (LICs). Data informing this work is derived from interviews with representatives of leading stakeholder organisations working in this space, and analysis of secondary literature. The findings of this analysis are that the supply of IVDs in LICs is undermined by (i) significant variation in product quality; (ii) inconsistent market demand from governments; (iii) limited opportunities for pooled procurement; (iv) a lack of transparency and consistency in product pricing; and (v) insufficient competition among producers capable of innovating for populations with limited purchasing power and low-resource settings.
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