Notes

Micro-Droplet Podium for Studying the System involving Mixed Field Agglutination in B3 Subtype.
© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.The forcible relocation of Japanese-Canadians (Nikkei) during World War II has been widely examined; however, little scholarly attention has been paid to the impact of relocation on the medical services provided to, and by, the Nikkei. This article highlights the issue of providing sufficient medical care during forcible relocation and the experiences of one Nikkei physician, Dr Masajiro Miyazaki. His story illustrates both the limitations in the healthcare provided to the Nikkei community during relocation and the struggle for Nikkei medical professionals to continue their practice during the war. The agency of the Nikkei-who constantly balanced resistance and adaptation to oppressive conditions-comes to the forefront with this case study. Dr Miyazaki's personal records of forcible relocation, as well as his published memoir, reveal aspects of the lived reality of one Nikkei physician who was not included in the government discourse, or in the dialogue among his fellow Nikkei physicians, such as inter-racial medical care. It is evident through this case that there was great diversity in the level of medical care which the Nikkei received during their relocation in Canada. Furthermore, Dr Masajiro Miyazaki's story proves that healthcare professionals, from doctors to nurses' aides who were both Nikkei and white, provided extraordinary medical services during the forcible relocation, despite significant constraints. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.Cytosolic mRNA translation is subject to global and mRNA-specific controls. Phosphorylation of translation initiation factor eIF2 anchors a reversible switch that represses translation globally. The stress-responsive GCN2 kinase is the only known kinase for eIF2 in Arabidopsis. Here we show that conditions that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the chloroplast, such as dark-light transitions, high light, and the herbicide methyl viologen all rapidly activated the GCN2 kinase, whereas mitochondrial and ER stress did not. In addition, GCN2 activation was light dependent and mitigated by photosynthesis inhibitors and ROS quenchers. Accordingly, seedling growth of multiple gcn2 mutant alleles was retarded under conditions of excess light, implicating the GCN2-eIF2 pathway in responses to light and associated ROS. Once activated, the GCN2 kinase preferentially suppressed the ribosome loading of mRNAs for functions such as mitochondrial ATP synthesis, the chloroplast thylakoids, vesicle trafficking, and translation. The transcriptome of gcn2 mutants was sensitized to abiotic stress, including oxidative stress, as well as innate immune responses. Accordingly, gcn2 displayed defects in immune priming by the fungal elicitor, chitin. In conclusion, we provide evidence that reactive oxygen species produced by the photosynthetic apparatus help to activate the highly conserved GCN2 kinase, leading to eIF2 phosphorylation and thus affecting the status of the cytosolic protein synthesis apparatus. © 2020 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved.RATIONALE There are no population-based studies from sub-Saharan Africa describing longitudinal lung function in adults. OBJECTIVES To explore the lung function trajectories and their determinants, including the effects of air pollution exposures and the cleaner-burning biomass-fuelled cookstove intervention of the Cooking and Pneumonia Study (CAPS), in adults living in rural Malawi. METHODS We assessed respiratory symptoms and exposures, spirometry and measured 48-hour personal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO), on three occasions over 3 years. Longitudinal data were analysed using mixed-effects modelling by maximum likelihood estimation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We recruited 1481 adults, mean (SD) age 43.8 (17.8) years, including 523 participants from CAPS households (271 intervention; 252 controls), and collected multiple spirometry and air pollution measurements for 654 (44%) and 929 (63%), respectively. Compared with Global Lung Function Initiative African-American reference ranges, mean (SD) FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 s) and FVC (forced vital capacity) z-scores were -0.38 (1.14) and -0.19 (1.09). FEV1 and FVC were determined by age, sex, height, previous TB and body mass index, with FEV1 declining by 30.9 mL/year (95% CI 21.6 to 40.1) and FVC by 38.3 mL/year (95% CI 28.5 to 48.1). There was decreased exposure to PM2.5 in those with access to a cookstove but no effect on lung function. CONCLUSIONS We did not observe accelerated lung function decline in this cohort of Malawian adults, compared with that reported in healthy, non-smoking populations from high-income countries; this suggests that the lung function deficits we measured in adulthood may have origins in early life. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. selleck compound Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.BACKGROUND In a previous study, we found that rates of antibiotic residues in goat carcasses in Missouri were three times the published national average, warranting further research in this area. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey of goat veterinarians to determine attitudes and practices regarding antibiotics, recruiting 725 veterinarians listed on the American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners (AASRP) website and 64 Missouri Veterinary Medical Association (MVMA) veterinarians. RESULTS We collected 189 responses (26.1%) from AASRP members (170 valid) and 8 (12.5%) from MVMA veterinarians totalling 178 responses. While the vast majority of all veterinarians indicated that they prescribed antibiotics less than half of the time, Missouri veterinarians indicated that they spent more time treating goats for overt disease like intestinal parasites and less time on proactive practices such as reproductive herd health management comparatively. While veterinarians agreed that antibiotic resistance was a growing concern, veterinarians outside of Missouri seemed more confident that their own prescription practices was not a contributor. Although nationally most veterinarians felt that attending continuing education classes was beneficial, 73.4% in other states attended classes on antibiotic use compared to only four of the nine Missouri veterinarians. CONCLUSION Missouri veterinarians had less veterinary experience than veterinarians in other states, and this, in conjunction with low continuing education requirements in Missouri relative to most other states, may hinder development of more proactive and effective client-veterinary relationships. © British Veterinary Association 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.
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