Notes

3D-SSP evaluation pertaining to amyloid mental faculties Dog imaging making use of 18F-florbetapir inside patients along with Alzheimer's dementia as well as gentle cognitive incapacity.
The findings obtained through both the dilution method and the automated system were consistent.

The resistance to antifungal drugs varied among different candida species.
The resistance to antifungal drugs varied among different candida species.
To find the relationship involving autistic traits, paranormal beliefs and emotional response bias in obsessive compulsive disorder patients.

The cross-sectional quasi-experimental study was conducted from November 2017 to November 2018 at the Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan, and comprised patients with obsessive compulsive disorder and healthy controls from the general population aged 20-40 years. Data was collected using the self-reporting Autism Spectrum Quotient, the Revised Paranormal Belief Scale, the Emotional Recognition Task and the Obsessive Compulsive Disorder symptom checklist. Data was analysed using SPSS 20.

Of the 140 participants, there were 70(50%) patients and as many controls. Overall, there were 72(52%) males and 68(48%) females. High level of autistic traits (p<0.001) and paranormal beliefs (p<0.001) had a significant impact on obsessive compulsive disorder. Impairments in recognition of emotions were related to the presence of high autistic traits and obsessive compulsive symptoms in the patients group (p<0.05). Emotion of disgust (p<0.001) was significantly impaired in the patients, while the differences were not significant in terms of emotions of happiness and surprise (p>0.05).

Autistic traits, paranormal beliefs and emotional response bias were found to have a significant relationship in obsessive compulsive disorder patients.
Autistic traits, paranormal beliefs and emotional response bias were found to have a significant relationship in obsessive compulsive disorder patients.
To investigate the awareness about testicular cancer and testicular self examination among medical students and the community.

The cross-sectional comparative study was conducted from January to April 2019 at Tekirdag, Turkey, and comprised young male medical students aged 18-26 years and an age-matched control group of male high school graduates. Data was collected using face-to-face survey through a 15-question survey form. Data was analysed and compared using SPSS 20.

Of the 345 subjects, 174(50.4%) were medical students and 171(49.6%) were in the control group. The mean age of the medical students was 21.51±2.02 years and that of the control group was 22.04±1.45 years (p=0.435). The awereness about testicular self examination was among 91(52.3%) medical students and 32(23%) controls (p<0.01). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of individuals performing testicular self examination (p=0.069). The level of awareness and the practice of performing testicular self examination increased from the first to the last year of medical studies (p<0.01).

The rate of awareness and performing testicular self examination was low in the general population. However, the rates significantly increased in medical students from the first to the final year.
The rate of awareness and performing testicular self examination was low in the general population. However, the rates significantly increased in medical students from the first to the final year.
To analyse dose-response relationship between the common risk factor of tobacco consumption and oral lesions like squamous cell carcinoma and pre-cancerous lesions.

The cross-sectional case-control study was conducted at Ziauddin University, Karachi from 2011 to 2016, and comprised histologically-confirmed cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma in group A, clinically-diagnosed oral pre-cancerous lesions in group B, and habit-matched controls in group C. The subjects were enrolled from 2011 to 2016. Life-time tobacco exposure was calculated using chewing index and smoking index for comparison between cases and controls. Data was analysed using SPSS 20.

Of the 358 subjects, 150(42%) were in group A with a mean age of 47.1±12.22 years, 100(28%) were in group B with a mean age of 34.17±13.78 years, and 108(30%) were in group C with a mean age of 41.6±14.58 years. Of all the group A patients, 125(83.33%) and 96(96%) in group B had a positive history of tobacco use, with tobacco-chewers being the most in numbers 172(68.8%). Exclusive smoking was seen in 11(4.4%) cases, 38(15.2%) patients were both tobacco-chewers and smokers, and 29(11.6%) were tobacco-free. Group A and B patients had life-time tobacco exposures either equal or lower compared to group C controls (p>0.05).

Life-time tobacco exposure indices were either comparable or lower in patients compared to the controls.
Life-time tobacco exposure indices were either comparable or lower in patients compared to the controls.
To explore effective coping strategies used by medical students against burnout.

The mixed method study was conducted at the Al Mizan campus of Riphah International University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from March to August 2018, and comprised fourth and fifth year medical students of both genders. Data was collected using the Maslach burnout inventory, which was followed by focus group discussions. Data was analysed using inductive approach.

Of the respondents, 34(23.4%) were males and 111(76.5%) were females. Overall, 84 out of 151 (56%) students scored high on emotional exhaustion scale, 35 (23%) scored moderate and 32 (21%) scored low. On the cynicism scale, 93 (63%) out of 147 scored high, 47 (32%) scored moderate and 7 (5%) scored low. WZ811 ic50 On professional efficacy, 42 out of 149 (28%) students scored low,74(50%) moderate and 33(22%) scored high. Seeking emotional support for coping was very common. Parents played the main role in providing support to the students. Turning to religion, acceptance and venting were also common coping strategies.

Emotional exhaustion and cynicism were found in majority of the sample comprising medical students, seeking emotional support was common as a coping strategy.
Emotional exhaustion and cynicism were found in majority of the sample comprising medical students, seeking emotional support was common as a coping strategy.
To analyse mutations in precore and core promoter regions of hepatitis B virus genome in chronic hepatitis B patients.

The cross-sectional prospective study was conducted at the Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar and Pakistan Health Research Council (PHRC), Research Centre, Khyber Medical College Peshawar from June 2014 to June 2015, and comprised samples from treatment-naïve chronic hepatitis B patients aged >15 years from three cities of Pakistan. The samples included patients who were both positive and negative for hepatitis B envelope antigen. Viral load, hepatitis B envelope antigen / anti-hepatitis B envelope status, hepatitis B virus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and alanine aminotransferase levels were determined. Direct sequencing of basal core promoter and precore regions of hepatitis B virus genome was carried out following a nested polymerase chain reaction approach. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis software v promoter and precore regions variants along with the preponderances of genotype D-specific mutations suggested a higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and poor clinical outcome in such patients.
Basal core promoter and precore regions variants along with the preponderances of genotype D-specific mutations suggested a higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and poor clinical outcome in such patients.
To compare the accuracy of three diagnostic tests in predicting difficult laryngoscopy using Cormack and Lehane grade as the gold standard.

The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from August 2014 to August 2015, and comprised patients who required endotracheal intubation for elective surgical procedures. The primary investigator used ratio of height to thyromental distance, upper lip bite test and the modified Mallampati test for assessing the airway correlated with laryngoscopic view based on Cormack and Lehane grading. Data was analysed using SPSS 19.

Of the 383 patients, 59(15.4%) were classified as difficult cases of laryngoscopy. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of ratio of height to thyromental distance were 84.7%, 90.1%, 60.9%, 97%, 89.3%; and those the corresponding values for the upper lip bite test were 83.1%, 89.2%, 58.3%, 96.7% and 88.3%. The values for the modified Mallampati test were 30.5%, 84.3%, 26.1%, 86.9% and 79.9% respectively. The area under receiver-operating characteristic curve for the first two tests was significantly more than for the modified Mallampati test (p<0.01).

RHTMD and ULBT both are acceptable alternatives for prediction of difficult laryngoscopy as a simple, single bed-side test.
RHTMD and ULBT both are acceptable alternatives for prediction of difficult laryngoscopy as a simple, single bed-side test.
To determine the pattern of antimicrobial sensitivity of common microorganisms isolated from diabetic foot infections.

The cross-sectional study was conducted from January to August 2019 at the Diabetes and Footcare Clinic, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, and comprised deep-seated tissue samples from the ulcer bed that were tested for culture and sensitivity. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Data was analysed using SPSS 26.

There were 389 bacterial isolates collected from 201 patients who had a mean age of 53.05±10.70 years. . Of the isolates, 238(61.11%) were gram-negative and 151(38.89%) were gram-positive organisms. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureuswas found in 62(64.58%) isolates.

Early identification of diabetic foot infections can help in timely initiation of empirical treatment and prevention of unwanted amputations.
Early identification of diabetic foot infections can help in timely initiation of empirical treatment and prevention of unwanted amputations.
To assess the gingival biotypes in smokeless tobacco (Gutka and Paan) users and compare it with non-tobacco users in Karachi sub-population using trans-gingival probing method (TRAN).

This in-vivo, cross sectional study was conducted in the department of Operative Dentistry from 20th February 2019 to 25th June 2019 Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi after obtaining ethical approval from the Institutional review board of DUHS (Ref IRB-1207/DUHS/Approval/2019/21). A total of 70 participants, 35 subjects currently using smokeless tobacco (Gutka and Paan) and 35 non-tobacco users from both genders were included in the study after taking informed consent. Gingival biotype was recorded using probe transparency method. Probing of the gingival sulcus was performed at the mid-buccal aspect of both maxillary incisors. Depending on the visibility of the underlying probe gingiva was categorized as thin or thick.

Statistically significant differences in gingival biotype was observed of both groups (p=0.005). Males were recorded with a higher percentage of thick gingiva in both groups (81% in smokeless tobacco and 65% in non-tobacco) while in females thick gingiva was more prevalent in smokeless tobacco group (85.7%) whereas thin gingiva was noted in non-tobacco group (66.7%); although the results between genders was statistically insignificant. The comparison between different age groups, genders and both groups was statistically insignificant.

Significant difference was observed between gingival biotype of smokeless tobacco and non-tobacco user groups. No statistically significant results were observed between genders and age groups.
Significant difference was observed between gingival biotype of smokeless tobacco and non-tobacco user groups. No statistically significant results were observed between genders and age groups.
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