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Long-term follow-up with regard to occurrence cirrhosis between pediatric cancer children together with liver disease Chemical trojan infection.
Combined with computed tomography (CT), the laser absorption spectroscopy technique is used to measure the two-dimensional distribution information of the flow field. The CT method needs an "integral parameter" as a known quantity. The integrated absorbance satisfies the criterion in the laser absorption spectral measurement. The direct absorption spectroscopy method directly measures the integrated absorbance. However, fitting the absorbance curve is difficult due to the distorted baseline in harsh environments. By contrast, the wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) method has satisfactory noise rejection capability. The difficulty that introduces WMS method to measure the non-uniform flow distribution is the integrated absorbance cannot be written in a mathematical expression. Previous efforts focused on solving the average temperature, concentration, and pressure and recalculating the integrated absorbance. This paper aims to develop an integrated absorbance measurement based on the calibration-free WMS method for non-uniform flow, which is called the calibration-free WMS-A method. First, the relationship between the transmissivity and integrated absorbance was established. Then, integrated absorbance was written into the WMS harmonic signals and solved by comparing the measured and simulated signals. The systematic comparison between the WMS-A and the previous WMS method showed the effectivity of the WMS-A method for non-uniform flow measurement. The reliable integrated absorbance can considerably improve the two-dimensional reconstruction quality.Full-aperture rapid planar polishing (RPP) has been widely used in optics manufacturing for high-power laser systems. A new, to the best of our knowledge, fuzzy optimization method was presented to assess the precision and productivity of RPP. Unlike the traditional method that can only set one objective, the proposed method can combine different objectives for RPP into one overall indicator. The material removal rate, material removal uniformity, and synthetical fuzzy indicator of RPP (SFIRPP) were selected as the objectives to prove the validity of fuzzy optimization. The rotational speed of optics, polishing pressure, and swing speed were set as the optimized parameters. The orthogonal design was introduced to simplify the operations of experiments. A semi-gamma distribution was used to fit the curve of SFIRPP. The experimental results indicated that the optimized parameters under SFIRPP obtained better manufacturing precision and productivity for flat optics simultaneously. selleck chemical The proposed fuzzy optimization provides the potential for enhancing the optimal parameters of RPP.We propose a method to enlarge the field of view (FOV) of holographic 3D displays in both the horizontal and vertical directions. The FOV was enlarged by using two galvano mirrors and a high-speed spatial light modulator. These optical elements were placed so that the imaging relation was satisfied among them and they were synchronously driven at a high speed to implement the time-division method. Using this method, a floating 3D object could be successfully reconstructed in mid-air near the focal point of the final lens at the rate of 10 Hz. The FOV was enlarged five times and two times in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively.In this study, we have reported a newly ultrafast optically modulated terahertz (THz) switch based on the transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) material platinum diselenide ($rm PtSe_2$) with different thicknesses. The high-quality $rm PtSe_2$ thin films with centimeter scale are fabricated on sapphire substrate by the chemical vapor deposition method. The optical pump and THz probe (OPTP) spectroscopy reveals that the THz response of the thin films is as fast as $sim 2.0 ; rm ps$ after photoexcitation of a 780 nm pulse. Interestingly, we found that the THz response time of the $rm PtSe_2$ semimetal phase is faster than that of the semiconducting phase. In addition, the THz response time becomes faster when increasing the film thickness for the semimetal phase $rm PtSe_2$, while for the semiconducting phase, the response time becomes slower with film thickness. Moreover, degenerate optical pump and optical probe spectroscopy (OPOP) demonstrated that the ultrafast photoinduced negative absorption (photoinduced bleaching) occurs after photoexcitation of 780 nm, and the subsequent recovery consists of two relaxation processes the fast component with more than 85% of weight has a lifetime of $sim1.5;rm ps$ for semiconducting-phase films and less than 1 ps for the semimetal phase, similar to the response time obtained from OPTP measurement. The slow component with less than 15% of weight has a lifetime of a few hundred picoseconds. The subpicosecond response time observed in both OPTP and OPOP is ascribed to the carrier trapping by defect states, and the slow relaxation process appearing in OPOP arises from the defect state relevant relaxation that is insensitive to the THz photoconductivity due to the frozen carrier mobility in defect states. Our experimental results demonstrate a new application of TMD materials such as $rm PtSe_2$ in THz technology, for instance, the design and fabrication of THz modulators and THz switches.Characterization of turbulence in the atmosphere and mitigation of its effects in optical systems are important capabilities in both commercial and military applications. We present an image processing approach that jointly characterizes the magnitude of turbulence in the atmosphere and mitigates the adverse effects imposed on optical imaging systems. The magnitude of turbulence is measured indirectly through a series of image frames in terms of the atmospheric coherence length. We believe the results demonstrate the utility of the approach on both simulated and experimental data.Indoor localization is a key enabling technology for mobile robot navigation in industrial manufacturing. As a distributed metrology system based on multi-station intersection measurement, the workshop measurement positioning system (wMPS) is gaining increasing attention in mobile robot localization. In this paper, a new, to the best of our knowledge, wMPS-based resection localization method is proposed using a single onmidirectional transmitter mounted on a mobile robot with scanning photoelectric receivers distributed in the work space. Compared to the traditional method that requires multiple stationary transmitters, our new method provides higher flexibility and cost-effectiveness. The position and orientation of the mobile robot are then iteratively optimized with respect to the constraint equations. In order to obtain the optimal solution rapidly, two methods of initial value determination are presented for different numbers of effective receivers. The propagation of the localization uncertainty is also investigated using Monte-Carlo simulations. Moreover, two experiments of automated guided vehicle localization are conducted, and the results demonstrate the high accuracy of the proposed method.We propose a simple analytical-numerical model for simplified sensitivity analysis of coherent beam combining of several dozens of emitters arranged in 2D tiled architecture. The main findings are as follows (i) regarding phase/piston error, the performance does not depend on the number of emitters and particular amplitude profiles and fulfills the Maréchal formula; (ii) regarding tilt mismatch, the performance does not depend on the number of emitters; however, the effect of amplitude profile has to be taken into account; and (iii), regarding wavefront aberration, the Strehl ratio drop is dominant and fulfills the Maréchal formula as well.The present study deals with the solvent-dependent morphology-dependent resonances (MDR) in the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) signal of monodisperse gasoline droplets (30 µm-60 µm) generated with a droplet generator. To investigate the influence of an ethanol addition to gasoline and the respective LIF signal of the dye nile red dissolved in these fuel blends, a reference gasoline fuel is blended with various ethanol concentrations from E0 (gasoline) to E100 (pure ethanol). A spectral fluorescence characterization of the investigated fuel mixtures at various concentrations is carried out in a micro cell in order to identify the dye and ethanol concentration influence of the respective fuel mixtures. The absorption and emission spectra of the fuel mixtures show a Stokes shift with increasing ethanol concentration towards larger wavelengths. The coefficient of variation (COV) of the fluorescence signals of spherical droplets was utilized to characterize the MDR effects within the droplet LIF images. The investigations revealed an increase of MDR contribution in terms of the COV of LIF signals with larger droplet diameters. For small droplets, no monotonic trend was found for contribution of MDR in the LIF signal as a function of the ethanol concentration. For larger droplets (e.g., 50 µm-60 µm), a lower contribution of MDR in LIF signals was observed with increasing ethanol content. For E80 and most of the studied ethanol blends, the normalized integrated COV values exhibited maxima at certain droplet sizes (40 µm, 47.5 µm, and 55 µm), which indicate the presence of distinct MDR effects.Numerical and experimental studies have been performed to evaluate the enhancement of diffraction efficiency of diffraction gratings around B $K$-emission by overcoating lanthanum series layers on conventional metal-coated laminar-type gratings. We propose an optical design method based on the concept of spectral flux given by collection efficiency and diffraction efficiency. A diffraction grating with a small angle of incidence provides an advantage to soft x-ray spectrographs because it collects the emission at a larger solid angle compared to that of conventional grazing incidence diffraction gratings. Numerical calculations indicated that La and $rmLarmF_3$ were promising as overcoating materials on a laminar-type Ni-coated diffraction grating, and we performed an experimental study using $rmLarmF_3$ and La/C overcoatings, considering their producibility and durability. The diffraction efficiencies were measured using a reflectometer at a synchrotron facility. The diffraction efficiencies observed at 183.4 eV were 29.4% and 34.3% at angles of incidence of 85.1° and 84.9° for $rmNi/rmLarmF_3$ and Ni/La/C gratings, respectively.Optical Tamm state with sharp reflection dip provides the sensing potential combined with high sensitivity. In this paper, we numerically demonstrate that narrowband refractive index sensing can be realized in a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) structure with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). Here, we show that the sensitivity and narrowband properties can not only be regularly governed by different analyte thickness but also exhibit dependence on the number of DBR pairs and the thickness of the hBN layer. With varying the analyte index and optimized analyte thickness, the deep reflectance dip can be sustained with the sensitivity (figure of merit, FOM) close to 3.02 µm/RIU (1093/RIU). In addition, the different analyte categories can be detected through adjusting the thickness of the analyte-filled cavity. High sensitivity, combined with ultra-high FOM originated from strong Tamm phonon mode, offers a promising platform to detect the smallest variation of the refractive index.
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