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Laserlight cycle and frequency noise dimension through Michelson interferometer composed of a Three × Several eye fibers coupler.
To verify the influence of schooling on reading speed measures in Elementary School and Junior High, also aims to explore the levels of accuracy of the variables of reading speed in the epidemiological investigation stages of cases.

535 students from the 2nd to the 9th grade from a private school and a state school system participated in the study. The oral reading of a simple text was evaluated in the following parameters words read per minute and correctly words read per minute. Descriptive statistics and T-test measures with the significance of 5% were conducted, besides the z-score, standardized and individual.

The results corroborate the literature review which shows an increase in reading speed with the progression of schooling. The reading fluency was presented in the construction process between the 2nd and 7th grades, with stabilization from the 7th year. A more fluent and homogeneous reading was sedimented between the 7th and 9th grades. The study proposes the interpretation of the findings with scales suggestive of the deficit using the z-score. The data are stratified from values suggestive of significant deficit to non-suggestive, with a total of five strata. The stratification allows a clearer reference on which point the scholar found in the expected ranges for their schooling.

The measures of the expected values according to schooling are essential for better-quality knowledge of reading development, to provide reference standards for adequate monitoring in the clinical and educational sphere and prediction of reading skills and difficulties.
The measures of the expected values according to schooling are essential for better-quality knowledge of reading development, to provide reference standards for adequate monitoring in the clinical and educational sphere and prediction of reading skills and difficulties.
To analyze and to compare fluency parameters in spontaneous speech and reading and reading comprehension of school-age children who stutter and who do not stutter.

Cross-sectional and prospective study approved by the Research Ethics Committee. Sample consisted of 30 scholars aged 8 and 11 years and 11 months divided into two groups Study Group with 15 school-age children who stutter, Control Group with 15 school-age children who do not stutter. Participants underwent fluency evaluation of spontaneous speech, reading of expository and narrative texts, and reading comprehension evaluation. Inferential statistical analysis was conducted using the Mann-Whitney tests and correlation analysis was conducted using the Spearman's Coefficient test.

The comparison between the fluency parameters indicated that school-age children who stutter showed a greater amount of stuttering-like disfluencies, while school-age children who do not stutter showed longer flows of syllables and words per minute, in spontaneous spe reduce the consequences of stuttering and provide learning of this school-age children.Primary healthcare is essential for dealing with the iniquities marking rural and remote territories. The concept of rurality is somewhat imprecise, and rural health policies in Brazil are insufficient. A review of the international literature can foster better understanding of the strategies developed in central rural health issues. The article's objective was to identify and analyze the challenges in access, organization of healthcare, and health workforce in primary care in rural areas. An integrative literature review was performed to search for scientific articles published from 2000 to 2019 in the Cochrane and MEDLINE databases and specific rural health journals. The search yielded 69 articles, categorized as addressing access, organization of healthcare, or health workforce. The findings' main themes were analyzed. Articles classified as access presented the following central themes geographic aspects, patients' needs to travel for care, and access to hospital and specialized services. Articles on organization of healthcare dealt with structure and inputs, functioning of health services, and community-based management. read more Health workforce featured healthcare workers' profiles and roles and factors for their attraction/retention. Crosscutting issues in strengthening access, organization of healthcare, and health workforce in rural areas were community action, outreach/visiting models, communication/information technologies, access to care, and professional training/development. The review provides a comprehensive understanding of primary care in rural health to promote equity for rural populations.The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and to explore the potential impact of ENDS use on smoking initiation with conventional cigarettes. We used data from the Risk and Protective Factors Surveillance System for Chronic Non-Comunicable Diseases Through Telephone Interview (Vigitel), 2019 edition, which interviewed 52,443 individuals 18 years or older in Brazil's 26 state capitals and the Federal District. Point prevalence rates and confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated for current and ever use of ENDS in each state capital, and the profile of ENDS users were described. Prevalence of lifetime use was estimated at 6.7% (95%CI 6.13-7.27) and current use at 2.32% (95%CI 1.97-2.68). A total of 2.4 million individuals had used ENDS any time in life, and 835,000 were currently using them. Approximately 80% of persons who had used ENDS were 18 to 34 years-old. Prevalence rates for daily use and dual use in individuals aged 18 to 24 years were nearly 10 times than prevalence in the older age groups. More than half of individuals who had ever used ENDS were never smokers. The proportion of women and individuals with high educational level were higher in the group of young people who only used ENDS than among those who only smoked conventional cigarettes. ENDS users also presented a higher proportion of binge drinking. Our findings are opposite to the tobacco industry's argument that the target public for ENDS is adult smokers. Considering that groups purportedly less prone to using conventional cigarettes are experiencing initiation with ENDS, our findings call attention to the possible negative impact of the dissemination of ENDS on Brazil's successful experience in the fight against tobacco.This study aimed to analyze the association between incidence rates for gestational and congenital syphilis and coverage of prenatal care from 2007 to 2017 in the State of Bahia, Brazil. This was an ecological and longitudinal study in which the units of analysis were the municipalities (counties) of the State of Bahia. Secondary data were used, obtained from the databases of the Health Information Systems. Analysis of the association between the incidence rates and prenatal coverage was performed with panel datal, using the fixed model with negative binomial response, controlled for socioeconomic, demographic, and temporal variables. In the multivariate analyses, prenatal coverage showed a statistically significant positive association with gestational syphilis incidence rate, but no association was found with congenital syphilis the incidence rate. Using municipalities with prenatal coverage less then 45% as the reference group, the gestational syphilis incidence rate increased by 22% and 25%, respectively, in municipalities with prenatal coverage of 45%-64.9% (RR = 1.22; 95%CI 1.11-1.33) and ≥ 65% (RR = 1.25; 95%CI 1.10-1.43). The findings indicate that although the expansion of prenatal coverage in municipalities in Bahia has helped improve the detection of gestational syphilis, it did not impact the congenital syphilis incidence rate. Prenatal care as provided suffers limitations that should be the target of interventions to prevent and block vertical syphilis transmission.The article focuses on the experience of family and social frailty of children with congenital Zika virus syndrome (CZVS) and discusses the changes in support networks, in the sense of both their capacities and shortcomings. This qualitative study adopted a clinical-psychosociological approach. The study analyzed family narratives in 32 group meetings conducted in an outpatient setting in a referral research institute for CZVS care in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The article presents part of the results from a larger study focused on understanding the psychosocial effects of illness and its impact on parenting and care of children with CZVS. The article concludes by discussing how parents' experience expresses complex processes that reveal family and social movements of support and recognition, but also, in the opposite sense, the lack of backup for mothers and fathers who struggle for recognition, social inclusion, and their children´s right to health and education.
An association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has been previously suggested. This study aims at investigating this association and at identifying potential links between variables of the NAFLD spectrum and PDAC.

A cross-sectional case-matched analytical and comparative study was carried out to analyze patients undergoing surgical resection of PDAC and compare them to a control group of individuals undergoing cholecystectomy at a public tertiary teaching hospital, matched by sex, age and BMI. Hepatic histopathological examinations were compared between cases and controls.

Of 56 individuals, 36 were male (64.3%) and the median age was 61.5 years old (interquartile range 57.5 - 70). The participants' median BMI was 24.3 kg/m2 (interquartile range 22.1-26.2 kg/m2). Microvesicular steatosis (p=0.04), hepatocellular ballooning (p=0.02), fibrosis (p=0.0003) and steatohepatitis (p=0.03) were significantly more frequent in the group of cases. Odds ratios for hepatocellular ballooning (6.2; 95%CI 1.2-31.8; p=0.03), fibrosis (9.3; 95%CI 2.5-34.1; p=0.0008) and steatohepatitis (3.9; 95%CI 1.1-14.3; p=0.04) were statistically significant in relation to the PDAC prevalence.

Significant associations were identified between histopathological aspects of NAFLD (microvesicular steatosis, hepatocellular ballooning, fibrosis, and steatohepatitis) and PDAC.
Significant associations were identified between histopathological aspects of NAFLD (microvesicular steatosis, hepatocellular ballooning, fibrosis, and steatohepatitis) and PDAC.
EBUS-TBNA cytological sampling is routinely performed for pathological diagnosis, mediastinal staging, and molecular testing in lung cancer patients. EBUS-TBNA samples are not formally accepted for testing programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. The objective of the study was to compare the feasibility, reproducibility, and accuracy of PD-L1 expression assessment in cytological specimens and histological samples.

We prospectively collected histological (transbronchial forceps biopsy) and cytological (EBUS-TBNA) samples from peribronchial neoplastic lesions during an endoscopic procedure at the same target lesion for the pathological diagnosis and molecular assessment of stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Fifteen patients underwent the procedure. Adequate cytological samples (at least 100 neoplastic cells) were obtained in 12 cases (92.3%). Assessment of PD-L1 expression was similar between histological and cytological samples (agreement rate = 92%). Sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy of EBUS-TBNA cytological specimens were 88.
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