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Be mindful the actual Black-Box: Around the Robustness of contemporary Safeguarding to Adversarial Cases.
The exploration of efficient electrocatalysts is the central issue for boosting the overall efficiency of water splitting. Herein, pertinently creating active sites and improving conductivity for metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is proposed to tailor electrocatalytic properties for overall water splitting. An Ni(II)-MOF nanosheet array is presented as an ideal material model and a facile alkali-etched strategy is developed to break its NiO bonds accompanied with the introduction of extra-framework K cations, which contribute to creating highly active open metal sites and largely improving the electrical conductivity. As a result, the assembled defect-Ni-MOF||defect-Ni-MOF electrolyte cell delivers a lower and stable voltage of 1.50 V at 10 mA cm-2 in alkaline medium for overall water splitting, comparable to the combination of iridium and platinum as benchmark catalysts.Primates, like other mammals, exhibit an annual reproductive pattern that ranges from strictly seasonal breeding to giving birth in all months of the year, but factors mediating this variation are not fully understood. We applied both a categorical description and quantitative measures of the birth peak breadth based on daily observations in zoos to characterise reproductive seasonality in 141 primate species with an average of 941 birth events per species. Absolute day length at the beginning of the mating season in seasonally reproducing species was not correlated between populations from natural habitats and zoos. The mid-point of latitudinal range was a major factor associated with reproductive seasonality, indicating a correlation with photoperiod. Gestation length, annual mean temperature, natural diet and Malagasy origin were other important factors associated with reproductive seasonality. Birth seasons were shorter with increasing latitude of geographical origin, corresponding to the decreasing lengtral habitats, smaller primate species were more likely than larger species to shift to non-seasonal breeding in captivity. The percentage of species that changed their breeding pattern in zoos was higher in primates (30%) than in previous studies on Carnivora and Ruminantia (13 and 10%, respectively), reflecting a higher concentration of primate species in the tropics. When comparing only species that showed seasonal reproduction in natural habitats at absolute latitudes ≤11.75°, primates did not differ significantly from these two other taxa in the proportion of species that changed to a less-seasonal pattern in zoos. However, in this latitude range, natural populations of primates and Carnivora had a significantly higher proportion of seasonally reproducing species than Ruminantia, suggesting that in spite of their generally more flexible diets, both primates and Carnivora are more exposed to resource fluctuation than ruminants.NIR-sensitized cationic polymerization proceeded with good efficiency, as was demonstrated with epoxides, vinyl ether, and oxetane. A heptacyanine functioned as sensitizer while iodonium salt served as coinitiator. The anion adopts a special function in a series selected from fluorinated phosphates (a [PF6 ]- , b [PF3 (C2 F5 )3 ]- , c [PF3 (n-C4 F9 )3 ]- ), aluminates (d [Al(O-t-C4 F9 )4 ]- , e [Al(O(C3 F6 )CH3 )4 ]- ), and methide [C(O-SO2 CF3 )3 ]- (f). Vinyl ether showed the best cationic polymerization efficiency followed by oxetanes and oxiranes. DFT calculations provided a rough pattern regarding the electrostatic potential of each anion where d showed a better reactivity than e and b. Formation of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) using trimethylpropane triacrylate and epoxides proceeded in the case of NIR-sensitized polymerization where anion d served as counter ion in the initiator system. No IPN was formed by UV-LED initiation using the same monomers but thioxanthone/iodonium salt as photoinitiator. Exposure was carried out with new NIR-LED devices emitting at either 805 or 870 nm.
Important insights on, for example, prevalence, disease progression, and treatment of allergic rhinitis can be obtained from large-scale database studies if researchers are able to identify allergic individuals. We aimed to assess the validity of 13 different algorithms based on Danish nationwide prescription and/or hospital data to identify adults with allergic rhinitis.

Our primary gold standard of allergic rhinitis was a positive serum specific IgE (≥0.35) and self-reported nasal symptoms retrieved from two general health examination studies conducted in Danish adults (18-69 years) during 2006 to 2008 (n = 3416) and 2012 to 2015 (n = 7237). The secondary gold standard of allergic rhinitis was self-reported physician diagnosis. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value, and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for each register-based algorithm in the two time periods.

Sensitivity (≤0.40) was low for all algorithms irrespective of definition of allergic rhinitis (gold standard) or time period. The highest PPVs were obtained for algorithms requiring both antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids; yielding a PPV of 0.69 (0.62-0.75) and a corresponding sensitivity of 0.10 (0.09-0.12) for the primary gold standard of allergic rhinitis in 2012 to 2015.

Algorithms based on both antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids yielded the highest PPVs. learn more However, the PPVs were still moderate and came at the expense of low sensitivity when applying the strict primary gold standard (sIgE and nasal symptom).
Algorithms based on both antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids yielded the highest PPVs. However, the PPVs were still moderate and came at the expense of low sensitivity when applying the strict primary gold standard (sIgE and nasal symptom).One-stage partial nitritation/anammox (PN/A) has been proposed as a sustainable method for removing nitrogen from various wastewater. However, the activities of ammonium -oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anammox bacteria are often inhibited by the exposure to salinity, thereby hindering their wide application in treating industrial wastewater with high salinity. This study reports that the addition of glycine betaine (GB), which is a compatible solute, could alleviate the inhibitory effects of salinity on both AOB and anammox, thereby improving nitrogen removal performance in a one-stage PN/A system. Short-term tests showed that with an addition of GB higher than 1 mM, the activity of AOB and anammox under salinity of 30 g L-1 could be increased by at least 45% and 51% respectively. The half-inhibitory concentration of AOB and anammox rose with increasing GB concentration, with 1mM GB being the optimal cost-effective dosage. Long-term experiments also demonstrated that 1 mM GB addition could enhance nitrogen removal performance and shorten recovery time by 42.
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