Notes

Chagas illness and also SARS-CoV-2 coinfection does not cause worse in-hospital outcomes.
Significant seasonal variations were recorded in the values of the parameters like turbidity, pH and Cl- for well water and turbidity, PO43-, NO3-, NH4+, K+, Cl- for borehole water. The hydrochemical facies shows a seasonal variation. Analysis of Abouabou's water reveals the variation of its hydrochemical facies. Thus, bicarbonate, calcium and magnesium facies during the long dry and rainy seasons move towards the chlorine, calcium and magnesium facies during the short dry and rainy seasons. Four water groups have been identified using SOM method, including heterogeneous groups composed mainly of borehole water (I and III) or of well water (II and IV). Borehole and well water acquire most of their mineralization by the infiltration of surface elements. Drinking water from boreholes is of good quality.In Ghana, the potential of palm kernel shells as renewable energy in charcoal production has not been exploited adequately. Using a low-cost instrument (kiln and compressor box) built from local resources, we produced charcoal briquette from palm kernel (Elaeis guineensis) shells. Further, we measured and compared its efficiency using starch as a binder to traditional charcoal and commonly used fuelwood (Acacia) in Cape Coast. #link# Following the American Standards for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the proximate analysis was conducted for all fuels with results indicating that palm kernel shell (PKS) briquette produced had a moisture content of 1.08 %, as compared to 9.25 % in charcoal and 16.00 % in fuelwood. The volatile matter, ash content and fixed carbon recorded were 71.80 %, 0.06 %, and 27.07 % in PKS briquette, 86.00 %, 0.78 %, and 3.97 % in charcoal and 80.50 %, 2.04 %, 1.46 % in fuelwood respectively. The calorific values for charred PKS increased after binding to form the PKS briquette with the highest v PKS briquette as renewable energy in Ghana would contribute to solving the existing energy crisis. Additionally, reduce climate change impacts, via the reduction in the over-dependence on fuelwood and charcoal for domestic and commercial heating.Heavy metal pollution has become a major concern globally as it contaminates eco-system, water networks and as finely suspended particles in air. In this study, the effects of elevated silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) levels as a model system of heavy metals, in the presence of microalgal crude extracts (MCEs) at different ratios, were evaluated against the non-cancerous Vero cells, and the cancerous MCF-7 and 4T1 cells. The MCEs were developed from water (W) and ethanol (ETH) as green solvents. The AgNPs-MCEs-W at the 41 and 51 ratios (v/v) after 48 and 72 h treatment, respectively, showed the IC50 values of 83.17-95.49 and 70.79-91.20 μg/ml on Vero cells, 13.18-28.18 and 12.58-25.7 μg/ml on MCF-7; and 16.21-33.88 and 14.79-26.91 μg/ml on 4T1 cells. In comparison, the AgNPs-MCEs-ETH formulation achieved the IC50 values of 56.23-89.12 and 63.09-91.2 μg/ml on Vero cells, 10.47-19.95 and 13.48-26.61 μg/ml on MCF-7; 14.12-50.11 and 15.13-58.88 μg/ml on 4T1 cells, respectively. After 48 and 72 h treatment, the AgNPs-MCE-CHL at the 41 and 51 ratios exhibited the IC50 of 51.28-75.85 and 48.97-69.18 μg/ml on Vero cells, and higher cytotoxicity at 10.47-16.98 and 6.19-14.45 μg/ml against MCF-7 cells, and 15.84-31.62 and 12.58-24.54 μg/ml on 4T1 cells, respectively. The AgNPs-MCEs-W and ETH resulted in low apoptotic events in the Vero cells after 24 h, but very high early and late apoptotic events in the cancerous cells. The Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Electrospray Ionization (LC-MS-ESI) metabolite profiling of the MCEs exhibited 64 metabolites in negative ion and 56 metabolites in positive ion mode, belonging to different classes. The microalgal metabolites, principally the anti-oxidative components, could have reduced the toxicity of the AgNPs against Vero cells, whilst retaining the cytotoxicity against the cancerous cells.Obesity and hyperlipidemia are independent risk factors of chronic kidney disease (CKD). link2 In mice, diet induced obesity accelerates lipogenesis, lipid accumulation, and injury in kidneys. Expression of adenoviral protein, E4orf1, improves glucose clearance and reduces endogenous insulin secretion to glucose challenge in mice. Therefore, in this pilot study, we examined, if enhanced glycemic control in HFD fed E4orf1 transgenic (E4orf1-Tg) mice, will reduce renal lipogenesis and lipid accumulation. In two separate experiments, E4orf1-Tg mice were fed 60% (kcal) high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented with doxycycline for 10-weeks or 20-weeks along with wild-type (C57BL6/J) or E4orf1-non-transgenic (E4orf1-non-Tg) control mice, respectively. Protein expression of Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) and Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC), accumulation of triglyceride (TG) along with mRNA levels of lipid metabolism and injury markers were determined in kidneys. Renal expression of FAS and ACC, and TG content was significantly reduced in E4orf1-Tg mice compared to controls. E4orf1-Tg mice show significant increase in genes involved in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and oxidative stress compared to wild-type mice after 10-weeks of HFD. However, mice exposed to 20-weeks of HFD, show no difference in gene expression. E4orf1 expression reduces lipid synthesis and accumulation in kidneys despite HFD, which may be due to attenuation of hyperinsulinemia by E4orf1.In the field of mycotoxin research, there is an increasing requirement to understand the effect of these toxins at realistic contamination levels, and as mixtures, on animal health and performance. Although there are recommendations of maximum levels of some mycotoxins in feed, it is known from practice that concentrations below the maximum recommended levels already negatively affect livestock production. In the present study, we exposed broilers to three different levels of naturally contaminated diets containing deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivates 3 + 15 Acetyl-DON (3 + 15 Ac-DON) and DON-3-glucoside (DON-3-G) to evaluate their effect on birds performance. 630 day-old Ross 308 broilers were housed in 30 pens (21 birds per pen) and fed diets containing increasing levels of DON (Low 1,650-1,890 μg/kg; Moderate 2,500-2,880 μg/kg DON; and High 3,220-3,900 μg/kg), 3 + 15 Acetyl-DON (Low 25.6-39.4 μg/kg; Moderate 42.3-49.1 μg/kg; and High 58.4-71.1 μg/kg), and DON-3-G (Low 356-362 μg/kg; Moderate 405-637 μg/kg; and High 625-787 μg/kg). Each diet had 10 replicate pens. During the grower period (D13-28) broilers fed diets containing moderate and high contamination levels presented a significantly increased feed intake but accompanied by significant impairment in FCR when the broilers were fed the highest contamination level. Based on this, it can be concluded that broiler production is affected when feed is contaminated with a mixture of DON and its derivates, even at levels below the EU maximum recommendation of 5,000 μg/kg. Furthermore, extra attention should be given to multi-mycotoxins contamination in diets for broilers up to 28 days old.Reclamation of degraded land using revegetation is one way of sequestering carbon into the soil. In this study an assessment was done to estimate the status of soil carbon amounts after revegetation with trees and grass in South West Iceland (Hafnarmelar). Natural woodland and eroded plots were part of the assessed plots as controls making four treatments. Soil samples were analysed for bulk density, carbon content and soil texture. Total % carbon (C) was analysed using vario MAX CN analyser (measured % C) and Loss on Ignition (calculated % C). The results showed that natural woodland had higher (9.32%) C than the tree treatment (4.91%), and both had significantly higher C than the grass (1.12%) and the eroded (0.76%) treatments (p 0.0566). Notably, the grass treatment had carbon below the minimum expected level of 1.5% in Icelandic Andosol under vegetation. The natural woodland and the tree treatment had fine soil texture than the grass and eroded plots. Results suggest that where land has been properly restored or kept in natural condition, soil properties improve significantly especially when trees are part of the restored vegetation. The natural woodland had possibly not lost the old carbon-rich soil, as was the case with the tree, grass and eroded plots hence more time for development of various soil properties. Moreover, more litter deposits in natural woodlands and partly in the tree treatments might have contributed to higher carbon than in the grass and eroded treatments. Furthermore clay content variations (natural woodlands and the tree treatments had finer soil texture) might also be responsible for C limitations in the grass and the eroded treatments. Therefore, more restoration efforts are encouraged. The results also showed that LOI is a good method for C estimation but not very accurate estimator of soil organic carbon unless equations are developed with respect to known carbon content of particular soil type.We report the case of a patient with bilateral acute ischemic lesions (AIS) in middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory associated with an extremely rare combination of anomalies of the aortic arch and the left internal carotid artery (ICA). The diagnosis deposed for bilateral minor embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS), inpatient with patent foramen ovale (PFO) and positive antiphospholipid (aPL) test. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a patient with this rare combination of vascular anomalies.Hypericum perforatum (HP) is a plant native to Asia and Europe. It has been documented to enclose medical effects against many disorders such as anxiety, depression and burns. link3 This experiment was performed to evaluate the gastro-protective effect of Hypericum perforatum leaf extract in ethanol induced gastric ulcer in rats as compared to esomeprazole (the drug of choice for stomach ulcers). selleck chemicals of action was performed by Auto Dock Vina method. Ethanol ingestion up regulated the inflammatory reaction as demonstrated by rise of gastric proinflammatory TNF-α with a decline of IL-1β. On the other hand, the phytochemical screening of HP revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, steroids and saponins. The high dose of HP group shows mild injuries to the gastric mucosa which is comparable to the esomeprazole group, in contrast, severe damages are observed in the gastric mucosa of the ulcer control rats group. In silico results revealed that Amentoflavone and Quercitrin have highest affinity and very good interactions with H+/K+ ATPase α active site. This study showed that HP is nearly as effective as esomeprazole to prevent ethanol induced gastric ulcer the plant extract and it has more binding affinity than esomeprazole to gastric proton pumps.Bacopa monnieri, a well-documented nootropic plant of high commercial global demand had been explored for its effect in alleviating other diseases and symptoms. This is primarily attributed to different phytocompounds present in the plant. One of the major constituents among them are saponins. However, variation in agro-climatic conditions and choice of germplasm often affect the growth rate and yield of phytocompounds that significantly impact the efficacy of the plant and its extract. Tissue culture has been attempted to improve the yield of phytocompounds but is often restricted by higher cost and scalability. Current study explores the role of commercial hydroponic media 'Leafy 200' vis-à-vis Murashige and Skoog (MS) media, under different color and intensity of lights, on plant morphogenesis, biomass and saponin yield. Blue light induced more shoot differentiation than normal white light. Statistical studies performed using fractional factorial design showed no significant variations in the yield of saponins among the extracts.
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