Notes

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The proposed strategy provides an effective solution to the intrinsic problems of 2D layered materials for energy applications.The developmental course of neural tuning to visual letter strings is unclear. Here we tested 39 children longitudinally, at the beginning of grade 1 (6.45 ± 0.33 years old) and 1 year after, with fast periodic visual stimulation in electroencephalography to assess the evolution of selective neural responses to letter strings and their relationship with emerging reading abilities. At both grades, frequency-tagged letter strings were discriminated from pseudofont strings (i.e. letter-selectivity) over the left occipito-temporal cortex, with effects observed at the individual level in 62% of children. However, visual words were not discriminated from pseudowords (lexical access) at either grade. Following 1 year of schooling, letter-selective responses showed a specific increase in amplitude, a more complex pattern of harmonics, and were located more anteriorly over the left occipito-temporal cortex. Remarkably, at both grades, neural responses were highly significant at the individual level and correlated with individual reading scores. The amplitude increase in letter-selective responses between grades was not found for discrimination responses of familiar keyboard symbols from pseudosymbols, and was not related to a general increase in visual stimulation responses. These findings demonstrate a rapid onset of left hemispheric letter selectivity, with 1 year of reading instruction resulting in increased emerging reading abilities and a clear quantitative and qualitative evolution within left hemispheric neural circuits for reading.Invited for the cover of this issue is the collaborative team of researchers from TU Munich, PNNL and TU Delft. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202000772.Flat panel display glass (FPDG) from plasma televisions is difficult to recycle due to their heavy metal composition. When crushed, flat panel display glass has similar physical properties to sand and could be used as a recycled aggregate in concrete, if the potentially harmful metals in FPDG can be encapsulated. To replicate leaching from environmental exposure, at periodic points during freeze-thaw tests, samples of concrete with 0%, 10%, and 20% FPDG were exposed to simulated rainwater and the runoff water was analyzed. For the metals detected (arsenic, barium, chromium, and lead), lead concentrations in the leachate/runoff from 20% FPDG samples exceeded the acute ambient water quality criteria after approximately 50-60 cycles; however, no samples exceeded the toxic characteristic leaching procedure limits at any point during freeze-thaw testing. Increases in lead and chromium concentrations over time indicate a need for stabilization, especially since lead exceeded the acute water quality criteria. PRACTITIONER POINTS TCLP results indicate flat panel display glass is not expected to release RCRA-8 metals at or above regulatory limits. Accelerated aging-leaching tests indicate lead might be released at levels approaching or exceeding the acute ambient water quality criteria. With additional lead stabilization, this study shows flat panel display glass has the potential to be used in concrete.Background 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASA) are widely used in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but emerging evidence suggests that they may be safely withdrawn in significant subsets of patients. This is important to address 5-ASA therapy accounts for up to 25% of total healthcare costs in ulcerative colitis (UC), while almost a third of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) receive long-term 5-ASA despite no clear evidence of benefit. Further, rationalising medication burden may improve overall adherence and outcome. Aims To summarise the rationale for 5-ASA withdrawal, review the current evidence in both UC and CD and consider the data surrounding colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention, guiding an evidence-based withdrawal strategy. Methods PubMed was searched to identify relevant studies. Only papers published in English were reviewed, with priority given to randomised clinical trials and meta-analyses. Results For patients with UC, consideration of 5-ASA withdrawal should be made on a case-by-case basis, but it appears safest for those in deep remission without any of the following risk factors younger age ( less then 40 years), remission for less than 2 years, a history of multiple flares, extensive disease. 5-ASA withdrawal should also be considered in patients with UC escalated to biologic therapy who have achieved remission and in all patients with CD. Although 5-ASA therapy may have chemopreventive benefits for CRC, the cost-benefit ratio appears significant, and this indication is not justified by evidence in those who have achieved remission and are continuing therapy with other agents, or in those in sustained remission without a history of extensive disease. Conclusions Although the majority of patients with IBD receive 5-ASA during their disease course, safe withdrawal appears possible in many, with important implications for both health economics and patient experience. A number of unanswered questions, however, remain.Aim To examine the effects of indoor ambient temperature on thermal comfort, night work tolerance (fatigue, sleepiness and night adaptation) and urinary melatonin in night shift nurses. Background Night shift induces physical stress and mental stress. Night shift work and ambient temperature are associated with work performance. The working environment must be improved for successful night shift working. However, the effects of indoor ambient temperature on night shift nurses are unclear. Methods In this crossover study, 20 participants were divided into two groups of 10 and were assigned to work in one of two thermo-controlled environments (23°C vs. HHT inhibitor 26°C) during two consecutive night shifts. Thermal and humidity sensation vote, night work tolerance, body temperature and urinary melatonin were assessed. Results There were significant differences between the two groups in thermal sensation and body temperature. There were no significant differences in humidity sensation vote or night work tolerance. Urinary melatonin levels decreased significantly during the second 23°C night shift.
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