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ould provide a treasure trove, which will accelerate the development of new antidepressants that can effectively improve cognitive symptom in MDD. Studies on their molecular mechanisms may provide more potential targets and therapeutic approaches for new drug discovery. ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The alcoholic liver injury (ALI) commonly occurs among people, typically the young and the middle-aged, who drink heavily. The ALI is extremely harmful and can induce severe disease states such as hepatitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis or even liver cancer. Recent studies found that the pathological changes of hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cell showed significant connection between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress which is the key factor to aggravate the development of liver pathology in patients with ALI. However, the detailed mechanism needs to be further studied. Schisandra chinensis, a member of TCM, has been used as a Chinese folk medicine for treatments of chronic or acute diseases especially the liver diseases, and especially Schisandra chinensis (S. chinensis) derived lignans (SCDLs) have been shown to alleviate liver pathological changes. Dapagliflozin mw AIM OF THE STUDY This study sought to elucidate the mechanisms underlying SCDLs-mediated hepatoprotection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Weon in LX-2 cells (one form of hepatic stellate cells); SCDLs ameliorated the fibrosis formation in mice liver tissue. Liver tissue western blots of SCDLs treated mice showed down-regulated α-SMA, ETBR, PLCβ, CHOP, Bax, and the apoptotic factors of cleaved-caspase 12, cleaved-caspase 9 and cleaved-caspase 3 indicating the anti-apoptosis and hepatoprotective effect. SCDLs treatment also elevated serum glutathione (GSH) and reduced serum transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) level. CONCLUSION SCDLs appears to prevent hepatotoxicity by the anti-fibrotic, anti-oxidance, and anti-apoptosis properties. ETBR may be the key factor in EtOH induced long term liver degeneration. V.ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tianma Gouteng granules (TG), a clinical prescription of traditional Chinese medicine, has been clinically applied to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) in combination with Madopar, as included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015). TG has the potential to decrease the susceptibility of PD pharmacologically, however the mechanisms need detailed demonstration. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the pharmacological activities, as well as the possible mechanism of TG in diverse models of PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS 6-OHDA-treated rats, MPTP-treated mice, and α-synuclein A53T overexpressed mice, were utilized as PD animal models. Rotarod, locomotor activity, inclined plane and traction tests were used for behavioral assessment. Immunohistochemistry was used for tyrosine hydrolase determination. Western blot were conducted for detection of 4-HNE and 15-lipoxygenase-1 (ALOX15). The interactions of ALOX15 with the components in TG were predicted by molecular docking approach. RESULTS Lipid peroxidation was involved in dopaminergic neuron damage in 6-OHDA-induced rat models. In MPTP-treated mice, the inhibition of lipid peroxidation improved behavioral and pathological symptoms of PD. The lipid peroxidation-related protein, ALOX15 was found to be the key factor in PD process in diverse PD models including 6-OHDA-treated rats, MPTP-treated mice, and α-synuclein A53T overexpressed mice. TG treatment significantly relieved behavioral and pathological symptoms of MPTP-induced PD mouse models with a potential mechanism of alleviating ALOX15-induced lipid peroxidation. Moreover, the results of molecular docking analysis show that compounds in TG might have interactions with ALOX15. CONCLUSIONS TG effectively improved the behavioral and dopaminergic neuron damage in diverse PD models. The mechanism of this action may be related to the direct inhibition of ALOX15 and the relief of lipid peroxidation. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory reaction of the skin that can occur in several parts of the body and can be provoked or exacerbated by food and/or environmental compounds. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a potential enhancer of AD, and an epidermal barrier breaker which induces greater penetration of allergens and other compounds. ACD presents an eczematous rash, red and itchy, with inflammation mediated by cytokines. ACD is an immunological disorder caused by contact with an allergic substance (haptens) that involves immunotoxicity, irritation and inflammation. Mast cells (MCs) are important immune cells that intervene, as effector cells, in allergic and anaphylactic reactions, asthma, autoimmune diseases and cancer. In dermatitis, activated MCs release inflammatory chemical mediators and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1, TNF, and IL-33. In addition, IL-1 activates MCs to generate a number of cytokines and chemokines, which aggravate inflammation. IL-38 cytokine, an IL-1 family member, is secreted by activated immune cells, including macrophages and lymphocytes, and possesses anti-inflammatory activity. IL-38, by binding IL-36 receptor (IL-36R), provokes suppression of inflammation in many immune diseases. In particular, IL-38 inhibits the generation of IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 along with other cytokines/chemokines. Here, we hypothesize for the first time that IL-38 may suppresses the inflammatory response in dermatitis, exerting beneficial therapeutic effect. We analyzed 46 pediatric fecal samples collected between the years 1997 and 2000 to retrospectively evaluate the norovirus strains circulating during that era and to identify possible re-emergence patterns. From the tested fecal samples, we detected GII.1, GII.3, GII.4 (95/96-US) and GII.6 strains. Most importantly, two novel polymerase genotypes (GI.PNA4 and GII.PNA7) were detected during the study. Two possible recombinant strains (GII.6[P7] and GII.3[P29]) were identified and SimPlot analysis confirmed that GII.6[P7] is a recombinant strain. The study emphasizes the importance of retrospective evaluation of human fecal samples in obtaining a better understanding of norovirus circulation, re-emergence and evolution.
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