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047) were higher in the groups with more tremor. Discussion The links between ET and the cerebellum are multiple. These data provide intriguing evidence that subtle cerebellar signs (i.e., changes in balance and intention tremor) are more prevalent among first-degree relatives of ET cases with more tremor (i.e., those who may be themselves on the pathway to developing ET). These data contribute to a better characterization of what may be an early subclinical stage of the disease.Background The prevalence of primary headaches in the pediatric population is shaped by many factors, of which pubertal status may possibly play a substantial role. Epidemiological studies in the pediatric population in the gulf region remain scarce. Aims and objectives To examine the impact of puberty on the prevalence of primary headache disorders among female schoolchildren in Kuwait. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study that included Kuwaiti primary and middle schoolgirls in randomly selected schools located in two governorates in Kuwait during the academic year 2018/2019. Prevalence of headache was assessed using the Headache-Attributed Restriction, Disability, Social Handicap and Impaired Participation (HARDSHIP) questionnaire for children and adolescents. Female students were asked about their menarchal status and whether they attained menarche before or after experiencing headaches. Results The questionnaire was completed by 669 girls with a mean age of 11.44 ± 2.14 years. The 1-year prevalencophysiology of headaches, migraines in particular, and further research is therefore needed to investigate the underlying mechanisms.Preterm-born infants frequently suffer from an array of neurological damage, collectively termed encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP). They also have an increased risk of presenting with a neurodevelopmental disorder (e.g., autism spectrum disorder; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) later in life. It is hypothesized that it is the gray matter injury to the cortex, in addition to white matter injury, in EoP that is responsible for the altered behavior and cognition in these individuals. However, although it is established that gray matter injury occurs in infants following preterm birth, the exact nature of these changes is not fully elucidated. Here we will review the current state of knowledge in this field, amalgamating data from both clinical and preclinical studies. This will be placed in the context of normal processes of developmental biology and the known pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. Novel diagnostic and therapeutic tactics required integration of this information so that in the future we can combine mechanism-based approaches with patient stratification to ensure the most efficacious and cost-effective clinical practice.Corticospinal pathway and its function are essential in motor control and motor rehabilitation. Multiple sclerosis (MS) causes damage to the brain and descending connections, and often diminishes corticospinal function. In people with MS, neural plasticity is available, although it does not necessarily remain stable over the course of disease progress. Thus, inducing plasticity to the corticospinal pathway so as to improve its function may lead to motor control improvements, which impact one's mobility, health, and wellness. In order to harness plasticity in people with MS, over the past two decades, non-invasive brain stimulation techniques have been examined for addressing common symptoms, such as cognitive deficits, fatigue, and spasticity. While these methods appear promising, when it comes to motor rehabilitation, just inducing plasticity or having a capacity for it does not guarantee generation of better motor functions. Targeting plasticity to a key pathway, such as the corticospinal pathway, could change what limits one's motor control and improve function. One of such neural training methods is operant conditioning of the motor-evoked potential that aims to train the behavior of the corticospinal-motoneuron pathway. Through up-conditioning training, the person learns to produce the rewarded neuronal behavior/state of increased corticospinal excitability, and through iterative training, the rewarded behavior/state becomes one's habitual, daily motor behavior. This minireview introduces operant conditioning approach for people with MS. Guiding beneficial CNS plasticity on top of continuous disease progress may help to prolong the duration of maintained motor function and quality of life in people living with MS.The effect of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on swallowing function in movement disorders is unclear. Here, we systematically reviewed this topic by searching keywords following PICOS strategy of problem (swallowing or swallow or dysphagia or aspiration) and intervention (deep brain stimulation, or DBS) in the PubMed and Web of Science in English in April 2020, with comparators [subthalamic nucleus (STN), globus pallidus interna (GPi), ventralis intermedius, (ViM), post-subthalamic area, or caudal zona incerta (PSA/cZi); ON/OFF DBS state/settings, ON/OFF medication state, Parkinson's disease (PD), dystonia, tremor], outcomes (swallowing function measures, subjective/objective) and study types (good quality original studies) in mind. We found that STN DBS at usual high-frequency stimulation could have beneficial effect (more so on subjective measures and/or OFF medication), no effect, or detrimental effect (more so on objective measures and/or ON medication) on swallowing function in patients with PD, while low-frequency stimulation (LFS) could have beneficial effect on swallowing function in patients with freezing of gait. GPi DBS could have a beneficial effect (regardless of medication state and outcome measures) or no effect, but no detrimental effect, on swallowing function in PD. GPi DBS also has beneficial effects on swallowing function in majority of the studies on Meige syndrome but not in other diseases with dystonia. PSA/cZi DBS rarely has detrimental effect on swallowing functions in patients with PD or tremor. There is limited information on ViM to assess. Information on swallowing function by DBS remains limited. Well-designed studies and direct comparison of targets are further needed.Measurement of the width of fetal lateral ventricles (LVs) in prenatal ultrasound (US) images is essential for antenatal neuronographic assessment. However, the manual measurement of LV width is highly subjective and relies on the clinical experience of scanners. To deal with this challenge, we propose a computer-aided detection framework for automatic measurement of fetal LVs in two-dimensional US images. First, we train a deep convolutional network on 2,400 images of LVs to perform pixel-wise segmentation. Then, the number of pixels per centimeter (PPC), a vital parameter for quantifying the caliper in US images, is obtained via morphological operations guided by prior knowledge. The estimated PPC, upon conversion to a physical length, is used to determine the diameter of the LV by employing the minimum enclosing rectangle method. Extensive experiments on a self-collected dataset demonstrate that the proposed method achieves superior performance over manual measurement, with a mean absolute measurement error of 1.8 mm. The proposed method is fully automatic and is shown to be capable of reducing measurement bias caused by improper US scanning.Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique used to investigate in vivo brain metabolites. MRS could provide a sensitive tool for the study of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) by helping to unveil the underlying biochemical mechanisms and monitoring response to treatment. This focused systematic review aimed to summarize the brain metabolite findings in studies performed in genetically determined HSP. The second aim was to provide a critical analysis and recommendations for well-designed protocols for future studies. selleck chemicals Fourteen MRS studies have been analyzed with overall 61 HSP patients, falling within a wide range of age at onset, disease duration, and age at the MRS scan, including children and adults. The genetic diagnosis included several subtypes (SPG2/3/4/5/10/11/28/31/54). SPG11 and SPG54 have been more frequently investigated. link2 The MRS methodology included different MR field strength, not easily comparable spectra areas varying from whole brain to various cortical areas, brain stem and cerebellum sampling. No consistency in disease severity and other outcome measures was observed. The main MRS findings corresponded to the white matter metabolite abnormalities in the corticospinal tracts. In summary, this focused review provides insights on the current knowledge of brain metabolites in HSP and, in particular, in SPG11 and SPG54. Despite the inhomogeneity of the studies to date reported, brain metabolites as assessed by MRS could represent potentially useful diagnostic markers and prognostic indicators of disease progression in HSP. Specific recommendations regarding the MRS technical protocol, CNS area sampling, study design, and applicability of findings are given.The International Lucid Dream Induction Study (ILDIS) investigated and compared the effectiveness of five different combinations of lucid dream induction techniques including reality testing (RT), Wake Back to Bed (WBTB), the Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams (MILD) technique, the Senses Initiated Lucid Dream (SSILD) technique, and a hybrid technique combining elements of both MILD and SSILD. link3 Participants with an interest in lucid dreaming (N = 355) completed a pre-test questionnaire and then a baseline sleep and dream recall logbook for 1 week before practicing the lucid dream induction techniques for another week. Results indicated that the MILD technique and the SSILD technique were similarly effective for inducing lucid dreams. The hybrid technique showed no advantage over MILD or SSILD. Predictors of successful lucid dream induction included superior general dream recall and the ability to fall asleep within 10 min of completing the lucid dream induction techniques. Successful lucid dream induction had no adverse effect on sleep quality. Findings indicated that the techniques were effective regardless of baseline lucid dreaming frequency or prior experience with lucid dreaming techniques. Recommendations for further research on lucid dream induction techniques are provided.Virtual reality (VR) offers novel ways to develop skills and learning. This technology can be used to enhance the way we educate and train professionals by possibly being more effective, cost-efficient, and reducing training-related risks. However, the potential benefits from virtual training assume that the trained skills can be transferred to the real world. Nevertheless, in the current published scientific literature, there is limited empirical evidence that links VR use to better learning. The present investigation aimed to explore the use of VR as a tool for training procedural skills and compare this modality with traditional instruction methods. To investigate skill development using the two forms of training, participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group received training through an instructional video, while the second group trained in VR. After the training session, the participants performed the trained task in a real setting, and task performance was measured. Subsequently, the user's experienced sense of presence and simulator sickness (SS) was measured with self-report questionnaires.
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