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Evaluate about Assessment of Energy Storage space Systems Found in Micro-Energy Cropping, WSNs, Low-Cost Microelectronic Units: Challenges and Recommendations.
Purpose Heat training can be implemented to obtain performance improvements in hot and temperate environments. However, the effectiveness of these interventions for team sports during discrete periods of the season remains uncertain. Methods We compared the effects of a short pre-season heat training intervention on fitness and thermal tolerance. In a counterbalanced crossover design, eleven state-level male football players undertook 6 × 60 min sessions in HEAT (35°C, 50% RH) and TEMP (18°C, 50% RH) conditions over 12 days. Running performance pre- and post-intervention was assessed via the Yo-Yo Interment Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIR1), and thermal adaptation using a submaximal (4 × 4 min @ 9-13 km·h-1) treadmill heat stress test in 35°C, 50% RH. Results Running distance increased by 9, ±9% in HEAT (standardized mean, ±90% confidence limits) and 13, ±6% in TEMP, the difference in the mean change between conditions was unclear (0.24, ±0.64 standardized mean, ±90% confidence limits). GSK2126458 datasheet Irrespective of training interventions, there was an order effect indicated by a substantial 476 ± 168 m increase in running distance between the first and final YYIR1 tests. There were trivial to small reductions in heart rate, blood lactate, RPE and thermal sensation after both interventions. Differences in mean core and skin temperature were unclear. Conclusions Supplementary conditioning sessions in heat and temperate environments undertaken in addition to sports-specific field-based training were effective in enhancing player fitness during the pre-season. However, few clear differences between HEAT and TEMP conditions indicate conditioning in the heat appeared to offer no additional benefit to that of training in temperate conditions.The Achilles tendon is the largest and strongest tendon in the human body and is essential for storing elastic energy and positioning the foot for walking and running. Recent research into Achilles tendon anatomy and mechanics has revealed the importance of the Achilles subtendons, which are unique and semi-independent structures arising from each of the three muscular heads of the triceps surae. Of particular importance is the ability for the subtendons to slide, the role that this has in healthy tendons, and the alteration of this property in aging and disease. In this work, we discuss technical approaches that have led to the current understanding of Achilles subtendons, particularly imaging and computational modeling. We introduce a 3D geometrical model of the Achilles subtendons, built from dual-echo UTE MRI. We revisit and discuss computational models of Achilles subtendon twisting suggesting that optimal twist reduces both rupture loads and stress concentrations by distributing stresses. Second harmonic generation imaging shows collagenous subtendons within a rabbit Achilles tendon; a clear absence of signal between the subtendons indicates an inter-subtendon region on the order of 30 μm in our rabbit animal model. Entry of wheat germ agglutinin in both the inter-fascicular and the inter-subtendon regions suggests a glycoprotein-containing inter-subtendon matrix which may facilitate low friction sliding of the subtendons in healthy mammals. Lastly, we present a new computational model coupled with human exercise trials to demonstrate the magnitude of Achilles subtendon sliding which occurs during rehabilitation exercises for Achilles tendinopathy, and shows that specific exercise can maximize subtendon sliding and interface strains, without maximizing subtendon strains. This work demonstrates the value of imaging and computational modeling for probing tendon structure-function relationships and may serve to inform and develop treatments for Achilles tendinopathy.Prior studies have observed an age-related decline in net ankle power and work at faster walking speeds. However, the underlying changes in muscle-tendon behavior are not well-understood, and are challenging to infer from joint level analyses. link2 This study used shear wave tensiometry to investigate the modulation of force and work done by the triceps surae across walking speeds. Fourteen healthy young (7F/7M, 26 ± 5 years) and older (7F/7M, 67 ± 5 years) adults were tested. Subjects walked on an instrumented treadmill at four walking speeds (0.75, 1.00, 1.25, and 1.50 m/s) while lower extremity kinematics and Achilles tendon shear wave speeds were collected. Subject-specific calibrations were used to compute Achilles tendon force from wave speed. Excursions of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscle-tendon units were computed from the kinematic data and subject-specific measures of the Achilles tendon moment arm. Work loop plots were then used to assess effective muscle-tendon stiffness during lengthening, and positive, negative, and net work production during stance. Two-way mixed ANOVAs were used to evaluate the effects of age group and walking speed on each outcome measure. Tendon loading during muscle-tendon lengthening (effective stiffness) did not differ between age groups, but did vary with speed. The soleus became effectively stiffer with increasing speed while the gastrocnemius became effectively more compliant. link3 There was a marked age-related deficit in net soleus (-66% on average) and gastrocnemius (-36%) work across all walking speeds. We did not observe an age-speed interaction effect on net work production. These results suggest the age-related deficit in triceps surae output in walking is pervasive across speed, and hence seemingly not linked to absolute mechanical demands of the task.Cardiovascular and cardiometabolic diseases are leading causes of death worldwide. Exercise favorably affects this problem, however only few invest (enough) time to favorably influence cardiometabolic risk-factors and cardiac morphology/performance. Time-effective, high-intensity, low-volume exercise protocols might increase people's commitment to exercise. To date, most research has focused on high-intensity interval training (HIIT), the endurance type of HIT, while corresponding HIT-resistance training protocols (HIT-RT) are rarely evaluated. In this study we compared the effect of HIIT vs. HIT-RT, predominately on cardiometabolic and cardiac parameters in untrained, overweight-obese, middle-aged men. Eligible, untrained men aged 30-50 years old in full-time employment were extracted from two joint exercise studies that randomly assigned participants to a HIIT, HIT-RT or corresponding control group. HIIT predominately consisted of interval training 90 s-12 min, (2-4 sessions/week), HIT-RT (2-3 sessions/weekicularly cardiac performance, both exercise methods positively affect cardiometabolic risk factors in this overweight to obese, middle-aged cohort of males with low time resources. Thus, the main practical application of our finding might be that in general overweight-obese people can freely choose their preferred exercise type (HIIT-END or HIT-RT) to improve their cardiometabolic health, while investing an amount of time that should be feasible for everybody. Trial Registrations NCT01406730, NCT01766791.Post-exercise recovery is a complex process involving a return of performance and a physiological or perceptual feeling close to pre-exercise status. The hypothesis of this study is that the device investigated here is effective in evaluating the recovery state of professional cyclists in order to plan effective training. Ten professional male cyclists belonging to the same team were enrolled in this study. Participants performed a 7-day exercise program [D1, D4, and D7 low-intensity training; D2 and D5 passive recovery; D3 maximum oxygen consumption (VO2Max) test (for maximum mechanical power assessment only); and D6 constant load test]. During the week of monitoring, each morning before getting up, the device assessed each participant's so-called Organic Readiness OR [arbitrary unit (a.u.)], based on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), features of past exercise session, and following self-perceived condition. Based on its readings and algorithm, the device graphically displayed four different colors/values, indicating general exercise recommendations green/3 = "you can train hard," yellow/2 = "you can train averagely," orange/1 = "you can train lightly," or red/0 = "you should recover passively." During the week of research, morning OR values and Bonferroni post-hoc comparisons showed significant differences between days and, namely, values (1) D2 (after low intensity training) was higher than D4 (after VO2Max test; P = 0.033 and d = 1.296) and (2) D3 and D6 (after passive recovery) were higher than D4 (after VO2Max test; P = 0.006 and d = 2.519) and D5 (after low intensity training; P = 0.033 and d = 1.341). The receiver operating characteristic analysis area under curve (AUC) recorded a result of 0.727 and could differentiate between D3 and D4 with a sensitivity and a specificity of 80%. Preliminarily, the device investigated is a sufficiently effective and sensitive/specific device to assess the recovery state of athletes in order to plan effective training.Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) studies conducted "in-season" are scarce. This study investigated the effect of discontinuous, running-based RSH, on repeated-sprint treadmill performance in hypoxia in a team sport cohort, prior to international competition. Over a 6-week "in-season" period, 11 elite male players (Malaysia national team) completed eight multi-set RSH sessions on a non-motorized treadmill in a normobaric hypoxic chamber (FiO2 = 13.8%). Three testing sessions (Sessions 1, 5, and 8), involved three sets of 5 × 8-s sprints, with 52-s recovery between sprints and 4-5 min between sets. Training sessions (Sessions 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7) consisted of four to five sets of 4-5 × 8-s sprints. During testing sessions, maximum sprinting speed was recorded for each sprint with values averaged for each set. For each set, a peak speed and fatigue index were calculated. Data were compared using two-way repeated measures ANOVA (sessions × sets). Average speed per set increased between testing sessions (p = 0.001, η p 2 = 0.49), with higher values in Session 8 (25.1 ± 0.9 km.h-1, +4 ± 3%, p = 0.005), but not Session 5 (24.8 ± 1.0 km.h-1, +3 ± 3%, p = 0.405), vs. Session 1 (24.2 ± 1.5 km.h-1). Peak sprinting speed in each set also increased across testing sessions (p = 0.008, η p 2 = 0.382), with Session 8 (26.5 ± 1.1 km.h-1) higher than Session 5 (25.8 ± 1.0 km.h-1, +1 ± 4%, p = 0.06) and Session 1 (25.7 ± 1.5 km.h-1, +4 ± 4%, p = 0.034). Fatigue index differed between sessions (p = 0.04, η p 2 = 0.331, Session 1; -6.8 ± 4.8%, Session 5; -3.8 ± 2%, Session 8; -5.3 ± 2.6%). In international field hockey players, a 6-week in-season RSH program improved average and peak, repeated treadmill sprint speeds following eight, but not five sessions.Background Knowledge about exercise intensity and energy expenditure combined with trip frequency and duration is necessary for interpreting the character and potential influencing capacity of habitual cycle commuting on e.g., health outcomes. It needs to be investigated with validated methods, which is the purpose of this study. Methods Ten male and 10 female middle-aged habitual commuter cyclists were studied at rest and with maximal exercise tests on a cycle ergometer and a treadmill in the laboratory. During their normal commute in the Stockholm County, Sweden, their oxygen uptake, heart rate, energy expenditure, ventilation, blood lactate, rated perceived exertion, number of stops, durations, route distances and cycling velocities were monitored with validated methods. The frequency of trips was self-reported. Results The relative exercise intensity was 65% of maximal oxygen uptake, and the energy expenditure was 0.46 kcal per km and kg body weight for both sexes. Sex differences in MET-values (men, 8.7; women 7.
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