Notes

Microencapsulation involving Cassia fistula Flower Acquire along with Chitosan and it is Medicinal Research.
K metal is the optimal anode for K-ion batteries because of its high capacity and low operating potential, but it suffers from fast capacity fading and safety issues due to an unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and continuous K-dendrite growth. Herein, to obtain promising potassium-metal batteries, a 3D polyvinyl-alcohol (PVA)-borax layer is designed, which enables a dendrite-free K-plating/stripping process. The protective layer possesses good wettability, high K-ion diffusivity, and good structural stability, which enables a "uniform and underneath plating" behavior, therefore exhibiting a stable electrochemical performance. As a result, Cu current collector with PVA-borax (PVA-borax@Cu) exhibits a stable cycling lifetime for 700 h at 0.5 mA cm-2 and 500 h at 1 mA cm-2 at 10 % depth of discharge (DOD) without dendrite formation. Even at a high utilization of 25 % DOD and 50 % DOD, the PVA-borax@Cu shows a stable cycle for 180 h and 100 h, respectively.The present work uses ATR-FTIR spectroscopy assisted by simulations in explicit solvent and frequency calculations to investigate the supramolecular structure of carboxylate alkali-metal ion pairs in aqueous solutions. ATR-FTIR spectra in the 0.25-4.0 M concentration range displayed cation-specific behaviors, which enabled the measurement of the appearance concentration thresholds of contact ion pairs between 1.9 and 2.6 M depending on the cation. Conformational explorations performed using a non-local optimization method associated to a polarizable force-field (AMOEBA), followed by high quantum chemistry level (RI-B97-D3/dhf-TZVPP) optimizations, mode-dependent scaled harmonic frequency calculations and electron density analyses, were used to identify the main supramolecular structures contributing to the experimental spectra. A thorough analysis enables us to reveal the mechanisms responsible for the spectroscopic sensitivity of the carboxylate group and the respective role played by the cation and the water molecules, highlighting the necessity of combining advanced experimental and theoretical techniques to provide a fair and accurate description of ion pairing.
Tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are both significant public health problems in China. Results of previous studies on the prevalence of DM among TB patients in China are inconsistent. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the overall prevalence of DM among TB patients in China.

We systematically searched Excerpta Medica Database, PubMed, Global Health, Ovid MEDLINE(R), Chinese Biomedical Literature Service System, and China Online Journals -Health & Medicine and included all observational studies reporting prevalence of DM among TB patients in China. The Cochran's Q-statistic and



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were used to test heterogeneity. Finally, a random-effect model meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the pooled prevalence of DM among TB patients in China using R studio.

We screened 7043 articles and identified 43 eligible studies. The pooled prevalence was 7.8% (95% prediction interval 1.6-30.5,



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=99.2%). The highest prevalence was observed in Northeast China (21.9%) among four economic regions of China, followed by East Coast (8.3%), Western China (5.9%), with Central China having the lowest prevalence (5.1%). Higher prevalence was observed in urban (10.1%) than in rural (7.8%) areas, and in hospital-based (9.0%) than in population-based studies (6.9%).

This study suggests that the prevalence of DM among TB patients in China aligns with the overall DM prevalence among the public in China. Public health strategies to reduce the burden of TB-DM comorbidity and inequity are needed.
This study suggests that the prevalence of DM among TB patients in China aligns with the overall DM prevalence among the public in China. Public health strategies to reduce the burden of TB-DM comorbidity and inequity are needed.While topical minoxidil has been a mainstay androgenetic alopecia (AGA) treatment, oral minoxidil has only been studied recently. Previous studies indicate low-dose oral minoxidil (LDOM) is an efficacious, well-tolerated AGA therapy, and our study aims to contribute to the growing LDOM literature an analysis of quantitative outcomes at multiple areas of the scalp in one of the largest cohorts reported.Insect midgut cadherins function as receptors and play critical roles as protein receptors of insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins used as biopesticides and in Bt transgenic crops worldwide. Methylarginine acetate Here, we cloned and characterized the full-length midgut cadherin (CmCad) cDNA from the rice leaffolder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis), a destructive pest of rice in many Asian countries. Expression of recombinant proteins corresponding to the extracellular domain of CmCad allowed testing binding of Cry proteins. Results from in vitro ligand blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays supported that the extracellular domain of CmCad contains regions recognized by both Cry1Ac and Cry2Aa. Molecular modelling and docking simulations indicated that binding to both Cry1Ac and Cry2Aa is localized primarily within a CmCad motif corresponding to residues T1417-D1435. A recombinant CmCad protein produced without residues T1417-D1435 lacked binding to Cry1Ac and Cry2Aa, confirmed our modelling predictions that CmCad has a shared Cry1Ac and Cry2Aa binding site. The potential existence of a shared binding region in CmCad suggests that caution should be taken when using combinations of Cry1Ac and Cry2Aa in pyramided transgenic rice, as their combined use could speed the evolution of resistance to both toxins.
Ghana's National Malaria Control Program distributes free insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) as a malaria control measure. Some households with the ITN do not use it, however. This paper explores the socioeconomic and demographic determinants of ITN ownership and use among Ghanaian families.

Data on 5741households were obtained from the 2019 Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey. The survey is a nationally representative survey that obtains data on malaria-related issues. Negative binomial and Tobit regressions were applied to achieve the study's objectives.

Residence (rural-urban), wealth, and administrative region emerged as the most important predictors of ITN ownership and usage in Ghana. The results favoured rural and non-Greater Accra residents. However, wealth had a contrasting association with ITN ownership and use. Whereas affluent households owned more ITNs than the extremely poor, the latter used them more. Also, age and household size were significant for ITN ownership. Both variables had a nonlinear (inverted U-shaped) relationship with ITN ownership. In contrast, the proportion of household members under 5 and the bed net-to-household size ratio were positive and statistically significant determinants of ITN use.

The study highlights the need to effectively target the poor, especially in rural areas, for ITNs under the NMCP instead of universal distribution.
The study highlights the need to effectively target the poor, especially in rural areas, for ITNs under the NMCP instead of universal distribution.Alcohol, tobacco and other drug (ATOD) use by adolescents are major contributors to death and disability in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This paper reviews the extent of adolescents' ATOD use, risk and protective factors, and studies evaluating prevention interventions for adolescents in SSA. It also describes the harms associated with adolescents' ATOD use in SSA, which include mainly interpersonal violence, sexual risk behaviours and negative academic outcomes. We use the socio-ecological model as our framework for understanding ATOD use risk and protective factors at individual, interpersonal, peer/school and societal/structural levels. We used two strategies to find literature evaluating ATOD interventions for adolescents in SSA (a) we sought systematic reviews of adolescent ATOD interventions in SSA covering the period 2000-2020; and (b) we used a comprehensive evidence review strategy and searched for studies that had evaluated ATOD interventions in all SSA countries between 2000 and 2020. Only two community interventions (a brief intervention and an HIV prevention intervention), out of four that were identified, were partially effective in reducing adolescent ATOD. Furthermore, only one school-based intervention (HealthWise), out of six that we uncovered, had any effect on ATOD use among adolescents. Possible reasons why many interventions were not effective include methodological limitations, involvement of non-evidence-based education-only approaches in some studies, and shortcomings in adaptations of evidence-based interventions. The scale of ATOD and related problems is disproportionate to the number of evaluated interventions to address them in SSA. More ATOD interventions need to be developed and evaluated in well-powered and well-designed studies.The global invasion, and subsequent spread and evolution of weeds provides unique opportunities to address fundamental questions in evolutionary and invasion ecology. Amaranthus palmeri is a widespread glyphosate-resistant (GR) weed in the USA. Since 2015, GR populations of A. palmeri have been confirmed in South America, raising questions about introduction pathways and the importance of pre- versus post-invasion evolution of GR traits. We used RAD-Seq genotyping to characterize genetic structure of populations from Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and the USA. We also quantified gene copy number of the glyphosate target, 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS) and the presence of an extra-chromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) replicon known to confer GR in USA populations. Populations in Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay were only weakly differentiated (pairwise FST ≤ 0.043) in comparison to USA populations (mean pairwise FST = 0.161, range = 0.068-0.258), suggesting a single major invasion event. However, elevated EPSPS copy number and the EPSPS replicon were identified in all populations from Brazil and Uruguay, but only in a single Argentinean population. These observations are consistent with independent in situ evolution of glyphosate resistance in Argentina, followed by some limited recent migration of the eccDNA based mechanism from Brazil to Argentina. Taken together, our results are consistent with an initial introduction of A. palmeri into South America sometime before the 1980s, and local evolution of GR in Argentina, followed by a secondary invasion of GR A. palmeri with the unique eccDNA based mechanism from the USA into Brazil and Uruguay during the 2010's.
HIV-positive individuals who maintain an undetectable viral load cannot transmit the virus to others. In 2012, an HIV population-based survey was conducted in Ndhiwa sub-county (Kenya) to provide information on the HIV local epidemic. We carried out a second survey 6years after the first one, to assess progress in HIV diagnosis and care and differences in the HIV prevalence and incidence between the two surveys.

A cross-sectional, population-based survey using cluster sampling and geospatial random selection was implemented in 2018, using the same design as 2012. Consenting participants aged 15-59years were interviewed and tested for HIV at home. HIV-positive individuals received viral load testing (viral suppression defined as <1000 copies/ml) and Lag-Avidity EIA assay (to measure recent infection). The 90-90-90 UNAIDS indicators were also assessed.

Overall, 6029 individuals were included in 2018. HIV prevalence was 16.9%. Viral suppression among all HIV-positive was 88.3% in 2018 (vs. 39.9% in 2012, p<0.
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