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Pre-natal experience of propionic acidity causes modified locomotion as well as sensitive astrogliosis throughout man rodents.
Background A large number of the world's post-stroke survivors suffers with moderate to severe disability. Long-term uncontrolled stroke risk factor led to unforeseen recurrent stroke and growing number of stroke occurrence across ages predominantly among the aging group in Malaysia. This situation has led to research works tapping into patient education especially related to the self-efficacy of understanding and taking medication appropriately. Video narratives integrated with Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs have displayed potential impact as an aide to patient education efforts. Objective This study aimed to investigate the feasibility and acceptability of study procedures based on a trial protocol of video narratives intervention among post-stroke patients. We also report the preliminary findings of video narratives on medication understanding and use self-efficacy (MUSE) and blood pressure (BP) control. Methods A parallel group randomized controlled study of a control group (without video-viewing) a patient approach were carried out with minimal challenge and adequate patient satisfaction. The video contents received good responses about its comprehension and simplicity. Tubastatin A in vitro Moreover, an in-depth phone interview with 8 patients found the video narratives useful and inspiring. These findings also paralleled significant preliminary improvement in MUSE and systolic BP control (P less then .05). Conclusions The queries and feedback from each phase in this study had been acknowledged and thus, would be taken forward to the full randomized controlled trial (RCT). Clinicaltrial UTN1111-1201-3955, ACTRN 12618000174280.Background Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is primarily characterized by deficient emotion regulation. Impaired cognitive control over negative emotions is central to emotion dysregulation in BPD. Respective executive dysfunctions are associated with hypoactivation of prefrontal regions, and consecutive alterations of fronto-limbic network functionality. Here, we investigated the effect of increasing activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with repeated transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on (1) executive dysfunctions and (2) whether improving cognitive control affects emotion dysregulation and emotional processing in BPD. Methods Thirty-two patients diagnosed with BPD were randomly assigned to active stimulation (N = 16) or sham stimulation (N = 16) group in a randomized, sham-controlled, parallel-group design. They received 10 sessions of active (2 mA, 20 min, anodal left- cathodal right DLPFC) or sham tDCS over 10 days. Major executive functions, emotion regulation strategies, and emotional processing of the patients were assessed before and immediately after the intervention. Results The active stimulation group showed a significant improvement in major executive function domains. Importantly, cognitive reappraisal strategy of emotion regulation and several factors of emotional processing involved in the control of emotion significantly improved in the active stimulation group after the intervention. Factors related to emotional expression were, however, not affected. Limitations The single-blind design, absence of follow-up measures, and the intrinsically limited focality of tDCS are limitations of this study. Conclusions Increasing activity of the DLPFC improves executive functioning in BPD and improves ´cognitive control over negative emotions. Cognitive control interventions could be a potential, symptom-driven therapeutic approach in BPD.Background The specific impacts of attitudes toward aging on depressive symptoms have not been widely reported in previous studies in China. Objectives The aim is to examine the associations between attitudes toward aging, perceived social support, and depressive symptoms among older adults stratified by rural and urban dwelling. Methods This study used a cross-sectional data including 7209 participants, among which 64.6% were urban adults and 35.4% were rural adults. Several multiple liner regression models were used to analysis the data. Three social support types were analyzed as moderators of the relationship between the attitudes toward aging and depressive symptoms. Results Positive attitudes toward aging (β=-0.139, P less then 0.001), negative attitudes toward aging (β=0.284, P less then 0.001) were significantly associated with lower depressive symptoms among older Chinese adults. Support from family (β=-0.087, P less then 0.001), friends (β=-0.047, P less then 0.01) and the government (β=-0.035, P less then 0.01) were all significantly associated with urban older adults' levels of depressive symptoms. Only family support (β=-0.109, P less then 0.001) was associated with lower depressive symptoms among rural older adults'. In addition, family support buffered the effect of negative attitudes toward aging on depressive symptoms for all the older adults, while the moderation effects of support from friends and government only worked for urban elderly. Limitations A cross-sectional design is limited to establish causal associations. Conclusions Addressing depression among older adults should focus on improving attitudes toward aging and expanding the availability of social support. Moreover, deeper reforms are needed to address inequalities between urban and rural areas in China.Background The supero-lateral medial forebrain bundle (slMFB) and the anterior thalamic radiation (ATR) play a core role in reward anticipation and motivational processes. In this study, the slMFB and the ATR were investigated in a group of depressed bipolar disorder (BD) and in healthy controls (HC) using tract length as a measure of fibre geometry and fractional anisotropy (FA) as a measure of white matter microstructure. We hypothesized reduced tract length and FA of the slMFB and the ATR in BD. We expect alterations to be driven by the melancholic subtype. Methods Nineteen depressed patients with BD and 19 HC matched for age and gender underwent diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) based tractography was used to reconstruct bilateral slMFB and ATR. Mean tract length and FA were computed for the slMFB and the ATR. Mixed-model ANCOVAs and post-hoc ANCOVAs, controlling for age and intracranial volume, were used to compare tract length and FA of bilateral slMFB and ATR between HC and BD and between HC and subgroups with melancholic and non-melancholic symptoms. Results In BD we found a significantly shortened tract length of the right slMFB and ATR in BD compared to HC. Subgroup analyses showed that these findings were driven by the melancholic subgroup. Mean-FA did not differ between HC and BD. Limitations Sample size CONCLUSIONS Tract length of the right slMFB and the right ATR is reduced in BD. Those changes of fibre geometry are driven by the melancholic subtype.Objectives Dementias are highly prevalent among Chinese elders. This study examined the effectiveness of a modified group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on dementia worry among Chinese older adults. Methods Eighty-two older adults recruited from four elder group homes were randomly assigned to either intervention or control group. The intervention group (n= 44) received eight weekly 60-minute face-to-face CBT, while the control group (n=38) received treatment-as-usual. Results Outcomes indicated that the modified group CBT has significantly reduced dementia worry and culturally biased beliefs about dementia (p less then .001). Study findings supported both statistically and clinically significant effect of modified group CBT on dementia worry [g=-1.52, 95% CI (-2.01, -1.03)] and biased beliefs about dementia [g=-.95, 95% CI (-1.40, -.49)]. Discussion The culturally adapted CBT is promising in alleviating worries and anxiety over dementia among Chinese older adults. Future research needs to include larger samples and participants from different regions to replicate findings.Background A large number of existing reviews have discussed the role of the gut microbiota in affective disorders, though syntheses have been overwhelmingly narrative in their focus. Method In this correspondence, we compliment Sanada et al. (2020) on their recent systematic review of the gut microbiota in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), the first to incorporate a meta-analysis. We also comment on how this synthesis should be extended in future research. Results Sanada et al. (2020) conducted a meta-analysis of alpha diversity in participants with MDD compared to controls, whereby they unexpectedly observed no significant difference between groups. A meta-analysis was only able to be performed on alpha diversity indices. Future research should consider research quality, other forms of depression, incorporate comprehensive meta-analyses, where possible, as well as investigate associations between anxiety/depression symptom measures and the gut microbiota. Limitations Further consideration of papers which incorporate functional analyses (e.g., metabolomics) is required to integrate this body of literature. Conclusions Research investigating the microbiota-gut-brain axis in affective disorders has been met with great enthusiasm, offering promising direction for novel therapeutics in conditions such as depression. We encourage further systematic reviews in this space, particularly which consider research quality and incorporate comprehensive meta-analyses.Background This study aimed to investigate associations between mental health and several parameters of oral health, controlling for a variety of important covariates, in a large representative sample of Spanish people. Methods Data from the Spanish National Health Survey 2017 were analysed. Mental (i.e., depression, chronic anxiety, other psychiatric disorders) and oral health (i.e., dental caries, dental extraction, dental filling, gingival bleeding, tooth movement, dental material, missing tooth) were evaluated. Control variables included sex, age, marital status, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical multimorbidity. Associations between psychiatric conditions (independent variables) and the number of poor oral health outcomes (dependent variable) were assessed using Poisson regression models. The associations were investigated in the overall population, in married participants and in those who were single/widowed/divorced/separated. Results There were 23,089 participants [54.1% women; mean (standard deviation) age 53.4 (18.9) years]. The prevalence of at least one psychiatric condition was 15.4% in the overall sample, while the mean (standard deviation) number of poor oral health outcomes was 2.9 (1.4). There was a positive association between any psychiatric condition and the number of poor oral health outcomes [incidence rate ratio (IRR)=1.10; 95% confidence interval 1.07-1.12], and there was a significant interaction between any psychiatric condition and marital status. The association was stronger in those participants who were single/widowed/divorced/separated. Limitations Cross-sectional study. Oral and mental health were assessed with Yes/No questions. Exposure, outcome and covariates were self-reported. Conclusions Those with poor mental health have worse oral health but being married has some protective benefits.
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