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[Step by action -- A analytic way of bleeding disorders].
In silico ADMET models have progressed significantly over the past ~4 decades but still the pharmaceutical industry is vexed by the late-stage toxicity failure of lead molecules. This problem of late-stage attrition of the drug candidates because of adverse ADMET profile motivated us to analyze the current role and status of different in silico tools along with the rise of machine learning (ML) based program for ADMET prediction. In this review, we have differentiated AI from traditional in silico tools because, unlike traditional in silico tools where the final decision is made manually, AI automates the decision-making prerogative of humans. RCM-1 price Due to the large volume of literature in this field, we have considered the publications in the last two years for our review. Overall, from the literature reviewed, deep neural networks (DNN) algorithm or deep learning seems to be the future of ML-based prediction models. DNNs have shown the ability to learn from more complex data and this gives DNN an edge over other ML algorithms to be applied for ADMET prediction. Our result also suggests that we need closer collaboration between the ADMET data generators and those who are employing ML-based tools on this generated data to build predictive models, so that more accurate models could be developed. Overall, our study concludes that ML is still a work in progress and its appetite for data has not been sated yet. It needs loads of more quality data and still some time to prove its real worth in predicting ADMET.Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. (Family Plantaginaceae) is a well-recognized an Ayurvedic herb. It is commonly called "Kutki" or "Kurro" and 'Indian gentian'. Iridoid glycosides are the plant's bioactive constituents and accountable for the bitter taste and medicinal properties of the plant. The iridoid glycosides such as picrosides and other active metabolites of the plant exhibited many pharmacological activities like hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, immunomodulator, anti-ulcerative colitis, antimicrobial etc. This review aims to provide updated information on the ethnobotany, synthetic phytochemistry, pharmacological potential, safety and toxicology of P. kurroa and its active metabolites. Indiscriminate exploitation, ecological destruction of natural habitats, slower plant growth and unawareness regarding cultivation and uprooting of plants has brought kutki as an endangered status. So, various techniques used for the conservation and production of bioactive metabolites from P. kurroa have also been reported. Information on the plant has been collected from Science Direct, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus by using 'Picrorhiza kurroa', 'Picroside-', 'Picroside-II', 'Picroliv', 'Immunomodulator' keywords. All studies on ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of plant from 2010- 2020 were comprised in this review article. The possible directions for the future research have also been outlined in brief in review article.As winter is knocking the door, the risk of respiratory tract infection is increasing at present scenario due to no prophylaxis of Covid-19. So, no one is safe until everyone is safe. Worldwide researchers are looking for the vaccine to remove the need for social distancing, mask-wearing and social gathering. A vaccine is like many other outcomes if the vaccine would be available; we cannot say about the effectiveness of the vaccine. Several drugs are testing to save the people life from pandemic; azithromycin is one of them. This work is a review article with the updated findings of azithromycin in the context of COVID-19. The option of azithromycin with regards to COVID-19 is justified by its anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-fibrotic effects and their pharmacokinetic properties, leading to effective concentrations in the target tissue. Azithromycin tends to be an effective candidate for SARS-CoV-2 replication inhibition that block the initial stage of the viral life cycle. Clinical trials at a preliminary scale and final stage show the significant results of azithromycin in supportive care therapy. Azithromycin was an early candidate for the medication of Covid-19 with or without hydroxychloroquine. It is exercised mostly as an outpatient antibiotic in COVID-19. In summing-up, any primary anti-viral and antibiotic treatment is not the only possibility of fighting COVID-19 pharmacologically. It will be an injustice with them who require broader spectrum antibiotic if we do not exercise azithromycin to them. So significant research priority is needed to determine whether azithromycin is useful in the treatment of COVID-19.The information about the presence of free radicals in biological materials was given for the first time about 70 years ago. Since then, numerous scientific studies have been conducted and the science of free radicals was born. Today we know that free radicals are by-products of enzymatic reactions occurring in the organism. They are produced during endogenous processes such as cell respiration, phagocytosis, biosynthesis, catalysis, and biotransformation. They can also be produced by exogenous processes (radiation, sunlight, heavy metals, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses). The overproduction of free radicals affects the aging processes, oxidative stress (OS) and takes part in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Among them are cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, neurodegenerative diseases Alzheimer and Parkinson, pulmonary diseases, atherosclerosis and DNA damage. Compounds with antioxidant activity are very important nowadays because they allow organisms to keep a balance between the production of free radicals and the speed of their neutralization in the body. Next to the natural antioxidants (flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins, etc.), synthetic ones are also of great importance. Among synthetic compounds with antioxidant activity are 1,2,4-triazoles and its derivatives. 1,2,4-Triazoles are heterocyclic compounds with three nitrogen atoms. Due to a broad spectrum of biological activities, these derivatives have been of interest to scientists for many years. Some of them are also used as drugs. The finding of new synthetic compounds with antioxidant features in the triazole group has become important problem of medicinal chemistry.
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