Notes

The results involving expectant mothers having a drink during pregnancy about unfavorable fetal outcomes amid women that are pregnant participating in antenatal proper care in public wellbeing establishments throughout Gondar community, North west Ethiopia: a potential cohort research.
Helicobacter pylori infection is commonly treated with a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors. However, since H. pylori is becoming increasingly resistant to standard antibiotic regimens, novel treatment strategies are needed. Previous studies have demonstrated that black and red berries may have antibacterial properties. Therefore, we analyzed the antibacterial effects of black and red raspberries and blackberries on H. pylori. Freeze-dried powders and organic extracts from black and red raspberries and blackberries were prepared, and high-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure the concentrations of anthocyanins, which are considered the major active ingredients. To monitor antibiotic effects of the berry preparations on H. pylori, a high-throughput metabolic growth assay based on the Biolog system was developed and validated with the antibiotic metronidazole. Biocompatibility was analyzed using human gastric organoids. All berry preparations tested had significant bactericidal effects in vitro, with MIC90 values ranging from 0.49 to 4.17%. Antimicrobial activity was higher for extracts than powders and appeared to be independent of the anthocyanin concentration. Importantly, human gastric epithelial cell viability was not negatively impacted by black raspberry extract applied at the concentration required for complete bacterial growth inhibition. Our data suggest that black and red raspberry and blackberry extracts may have potential applications in the treatment and prevention of H. pylori infection but differ widely in their MICs. Moreover, we demonstrate that the Biolog metabolic assay is suitable for high-throughput antimicrobial susceptibility screening of H. pylori.The antimicrobial resistance of nontyphoidal Salmonella has become a major clinical and public health problem. Southeast Asia has a high level of multidrug-resistant Salmonella and isolates resistant to both fluoroquinolone and third-generation cephalosporins. The incidence of co-resistance to both drug classes is a serious therapeutic problem in Thailand. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns, antimicrobial resistance genes and genotypic relatedness of third-generation cephalosporins and/or fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella Choleraesuis isolated from patients with systemic salmonellosis in Thailand. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the agar disk diffusion method, and ESBL production was detected by the combination disc method. A molecular evaluation of S. Choleraesuis isolates was performed using PCR and DNA sequencing. Then, a genotypic relatedness study of S. Choleraesuis was performed by pulse field gel electrophoresis. All 62 cefotaxime-resistant S. Choleraesuis isolates obtained from 61 clinical specimens were multidrug resistant. Forty-four isolates (44/62, 71.0%) were positive for ESBL phenotypes. Based on the PCR sequencing, 21, 1, 13, 23, 20 and 6 ESBL-producing isolates harboured the ESBL genes blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-55, blaCMY-2, blaACC-1 and blaTEM-1, respectively. This study also found that nine (9/62, 14.5%) isolates exhibited co-resistance to ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime. All of the co-resistant isolates harboured at least one PMQR gene. The qnr genes and the aac(6')-Ib-cr gene were the most prevalent genes detected. The QRDR mutation, including the gyrA (D87Y and D87G) and parC (T57S) genes, was also detected. PFGE patterns revealed a high degree of clonal diversity among the ESBL-producing isolates.Objective Inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing in the emergency department (ED) can lead to poor outcomes. It is unknown how often the prescribing clinician is guided by others, and whether prescriber factors affect appropriateness of prescribing. This study aims to describe decision making, confidence in, and appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing in the ED. Methods Descriptive study in two Australian EDs using both questionnaire and medical record review. Participants were clinicians who prescribed antimicrobials to patients in the ED. Outcomes of interest were level of decision-making (self or directed), confidence in indication for prescribing and appropriateness (5-point Likert scale, 5 most confident). Appropriateness assessment of the prescribing event was by blinded review using the National Antibiotic Prescribing Survey appropriateness assessment tool. All analyses were descriptive. Results Data on 88 prescribers were included, with 61% making prescribing decisions themselves. The 39% directed by other clinicians were primarily guided by more senior ED and surgical subspecialty clinicians. Confidence that antibiotics were indicated (Likert score 4.20, 4.35 and 4.35) and appropriate (Likert score 4.07, 4.23 and 4.29) was similar for juniors, mid-level and senior prescribers, respectively. Eighty-five percent of prescriptions were assessed as appropriate, with no differences in appropriateness by seniority, decision-making or confidence. Conclusions Over one-third of prescribing was guided by senior ED clinicians or based on specialty advice, primarily surgical specialties. Prescriber confidence was high regardless of seniority or decision-maker. Overall appropriateness of prescribing was good, but with room for improvement. Future qualitative research may provide further insight into the intricacies of prescribing decision-making.The problem of antibiotic resistance has become a challenge for our public health and society; it has allowed infectious diseases to re-emerge as a risk to human health. New antibiotics that are introduced to the market face the rise of resistant pathogens after a certain period of use. The relatively fast development of resistance against some antibiotics seems to be closely linked to their microbial origin and function in nature. Antibiotics in clinical use are merely products of microorganisms or derivatives of microbial products. The evolution of these antimicrobial compounds has progressed with the evolution of the respective resistance mechanisms in microbes for billions of years. Thus, antimicrobial resistance genes are present within the environment and can be taken up by pathogens through horizontal gene transfer. Natural products from bacteria are an important source of leads for drug development, and microbial natural products have contributed the most antibiotics in current clinical use. Bioprospecting for new antibiotics is a labor-intensive task as obstacles such as redetection of known compounds and low compound yields consume significant resources. The number of bacterial isolates one can theoretically investigate for new secondary metabolites is, on the other hand, immense. Therefore, the available capacity for biodiscovery should be focused on the most promising sources for chemical novelty and bioactivity, employing the appropriate scientific tools. This can be done by first looking into under- or unexplored environments for bacterial isolates and by focusing on the promising candidates to reduce the number of subjects.Changes in antibacterial prescribing during the COVID-19 pandemic were anticipated given that the clinical features of severe respiratory infection syndrome caused by SARS-CoV-2 mirror bacterial respiratory tract infections. Antibacterial consumption was measured in items/1000 population for primary care and in Defined Daily Doses (DDDs)/1000 admissions for secondary care in England from 2015 to October 2020. Interrupted time-series analyses were conducted to evaluate the effects of the pandemic on antibacterial consumption. In the community, the rate of antibacterial items prescribed decreased further in 2020 (by an extra 1.4% per month, 95% CI -2.3 to -0.5) compared to before COVID-19. In hospitals, the volume of antibacterial use decreased during COVID-19 overall (-12.1% compared to pre-COVID, 95% CI -19.1 to -4.4), although the rate of usage in hospitals increased steeply in April 2020. Use of antibacterials prescribed for respiratory infections and broad-spectrum antibacterials (predominately 'Watch' antibacterials in hospitals) increased in both settings. Overall volumes of antibacterial use at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic decreased in both primary and secondary settings, although there were increases in the rate of usage in hospitals in April 2020 and in specific antibacterials. This highlights the importance of antimicrobial stewardship during pandemics to ensure appropriate prescribing and avoid negative consequences on patient outcomes and antimicrobial resistance.Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by Gram-negative bacillus bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei. Due to the emerging resistance of B. pseudomallei to antibiotics including ceftazidime (CAZ), the development of novel antibiotics and alternative modes of treatment has become an urgent issue. Here, we demonstrated an ability to synergistically increase the efficiency of antibiotics through their combination with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). see more Combinations of four conventional antibiotics including CAZ, imipenem (IMI), meropenem (MER), and gentamicin sulfate (GENT) with starch-stabilized AgNPs were tested for their antibacterial effects against three isolates of B. pseudomallei. The combination of each antibiotic with AgNPs featured fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index values and fractional bactericidal concentration (FBC) index values ranging from 0.312 to 0.75 µg/mL and 0.252 to 0.625 µg/mL, respectively, against the three isolates of B. pseudomallei. The study clearly showed that most of the combinatorial treatments exhibited synergistic antimicrobial effects against all three isolates of B. pseudomallei. The highest enhancing effect was observed for GENT with AgNPs. These results confirmed the combination of each antibiotic with AgNPs restored their bactericidal potency in the bacterial strains that had previously been shown to be resistant to the antibiotics. In addition, morphological changes examined by SEM confirmed that the bacterial cells were severely damaged by combinations at the FBC level. Although bacteria produce fibers to protect themselves, ultimately the bacteria were killed by the antibiotic-AgNPs combinations. Overall, these results suggest the study of antibiotic-AgNPs combinations as an alternative design strategy for potential therapeutics to more effectively combat the melioidosis pathogen.Aquaculture systems are widely recognised as hotspots for horizontal gene transfer, and the need for screening for bacteria carrying antimicrobial resistance genes in aquaculture systems is becoming more important. In this study, we characterised seventeen bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and A. nosocomialis) resistant to colistin originating from retailed aquaculture products imported from Vietnam to the Czech Republic. The mcr-1.1 gene was found located on plasmid types IncHI2, IncI2, and IncX4, as well as on the rarely described plasmid types IncFIB-FIC and IncFIB(K), phage-like plasmid p0111, and on the chromosome of E. coli. One E. coli strain carried the mcr-3.5 gene on IncFII(pCoo) plasmid in addition to the mcr-1.1 gene located on IncHI2 plasmid. K. pneumoniae was found to carry the mcr-1.1 and mcr-8.2 genes on IncFIA(HI1) plasmid. The mcr-4.3 gene was found on similar untypeable plasmids of A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis strains, pointing to the possible interspecies transfer of plasmids carrying the mcr-4 gene.
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