Notes

Oral Difficulties soon after Radical Cystectomy for Kidney Cancer malignancy: A planned out Review.
Backward logistic regression showed that type of high school and type of family were risk factors for exposure to violence.

The rates of exposure to violence were high among ninth-grade high school students in Kars. Preventive, protective and ameliorating intervention steps should be taken more seriously.
The rates of exposure to violence were high among ninth-grade high school students in Kars. Preventive, protective and ameliorating intervention steps should be taken more seriously.
Published data are lacking on response to and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the Middle East. What data there are have not been comprehensively analysed.

This study aimed to assess the characteristics of people with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates) and the response to and outcomes of such incidents.

This was a scoping review of published and grey literature on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in GCC countries from 1990 to June 2019. Studies in English and Arabic were eligible for inclusion. MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science and EMBASE were searched as well as relevant non-indexed journals. Google searches were also done. References of included studies were scanned for relevant articles. Experts on the subject in the region were consulted.

Of 647 citations retrieved, 24 studies were included for data extraction and analysis. No literature was identified for Bahrain. People with outes, is recommended.
Despite the importance of gender and intersectionality in policy-making for human resources for health, these issues have not been given adequate consideration in health workforce recruitment and retention in Africa.

The objective of this review was to show how gender intersects with other sociocultural determinants of health to create different experiences of marginalization and/or privilege in the recruitment and retention of human resources for health in Africa.

This was rapid review of studies that investigated the intersectionality of gender in relation to recruitment and retention of health workers in Africa. A PubMed search was undertaken in April 2020 to identify eligible studies. Search terms used included gender, employment, health workers, health workforce, recruitment and retention. Criteria for inclusion of studies were primary research; related to the role of gender and intersectionality in recruitment and retention of the health workforce; conducted in Africa; quantitative or qualitative study design; and published in English.

Of 193 publications found, nine fulfilled the study inclusion criteria and were selected. Feminization of the nursing and midwifery profession results in difficulties in recruiting and deploying female health workers. Male domination of management positions was reported. Gender power relationship in the recruitment and retention of the health workforce is shaped by marriage and cultural norms. Occupational segregation, sexual harassment and discrimination against female health workers were reported.

This review highlights the importance of considering gender analysis in the development of policies and programmes for human resources for health in Africa.
This review highlights the importance of considering gender analysis in the development of policies and programmes for human resources for health in Africa.
The concept of pharmacovigilance is not well known in Libya and its practice is still in the early stages.

This study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of pharmacists in Tripoli, Libya about pharmacovigilance and the reporting of adverse drug reactions.

A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2019 to February 2020 of working pharmacists randomly selected from pharmacies in Tripoli. Participants were eligible for inclusion if they had a degree or diploma in pharmacy from a recognized university or institute. Data were collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire.

Of 500 pharmacists selected, 408 completed the questionnaire. The pharmacists' knowledge of pharmacovigilance and reporting of adverse drug reactions was poor overall only 28.9% correctly defined pharmacovigilance and 14.7% knew about the existence of a centre for pharmacovigilance in Libya. The attitudes of the pharmacists to pharmacovigilance was positive 77.2% believed that pharmacovigilance and implement pharmacovigilance policies in the Libyan health care system.
The World Health Organization recommends a maximum daily salt intake of 5 g for adults; the Islamic Republic of Iran has national standards for salt content of foods.

This study aimed to determine the salt content of industrial (made in large-scale food companies) and non-industrial (made in local stores using traditional methods) foods in Tehran province and compare it with the Iranian national standards.

We determined the salt content of 555 industrial and non-industrial products from parts of Tehran province in 2016 and 2018. The types of foods examined were canned vegetables, industrial and non-industrial pickled vegetables, industrial and non-industrial tomato paste/tomato sauce, industrial and non-industrial nuts, and non-industrial barberry juice. The salt content of each product and its compliance with Iranian national standards was evaluated.

The salt content of industrial tomato paste/sauce in 2016 (2.05 g/100 g) and non-industrial tomato paste/sauce in 2018 (2.37 g/100 g) was higher than the Iranian standard (1.5/2.0 g/100 g). The mean salt content of both industrial (1.97 g/100 g) and non-industrial (2.16 g/100 g) nuts was higher than the Iranian standard (1.88 g/100 g), as was the mean salt content of non-industrial juice (0.79 g/100 mL versus 0.25 g/100 mL). In 2018, only 48% and 40% of industrial and non-industrial tomato pastes/sauces met the Iranian standard. Overall, industrial products conformed better with the national standard than non-industrial products.

Efforts are needed to reduce the salt content of processed food in the Islamic Republic of Iran and ensure they meet the Iranian standards.
Efforts are needed to reduce the salt content of processed food in the Islamic Republic of Iran and ensure they meet the Iranian standards.
Despite the widespread literate on health inequalities and their determinants, changes in health inequalities over time have not received enough attention.

To measure and decompose the over-time changes in economic inequality in presenting visual acuity measured using Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution.

We analysed 4706 participants who had complete data on presenting visual acuity and economic status in 2009 and 2014 in the Shahroud Eye Cohort Study. We measured changes in presenting visual acuity concentration indices and decomposed them the using a longitudinal approach.

Both the presenting visual acuity and economic status deteriorated between 2009 and 2014. The mean (standard deviation) for presenting visual acuity and economic status scores in 2009 versus 2014 were 0.090 (0.2) versus 0.103 (0.2) and 0.01 (1.0) versus 0.0005 (1.07), respectively. Presenting visual acuity concentration index (95% confidence interval) in the first versus second phases of the study were -0.245 (-0.212 to -c status group. Therefore, the needs of all socioeconomic groups should be considered separately to modify presenting visual acuity in each group and, consequently, reduce the economic inequality in presenting visual acuity.
Pakistan and USAID have invested in improving the contraceptive supply chain data and commodity security. In 2011, the first digital contraceptive logistics management information system (cLMIS) was launched, enabling supply chain data visibility from the federal level to health facilities. The system has built-in modules on forecasting and supply planning, inventory management, consumption reporting, business intelligence tools, automatic email and SMS alerts. Using these features, policy-makers and health managers annually forecast needs, and procure contraceptives accordingly.

The objective of this research was to understand the existing technological platforms for family planning (FP) supply chain data visibility and the potential impact on contraceptive commodity security.

The authors reviewed available published and grey literature papers on contraceptives and supplies in Pakistan. We extracted data from the cLMIS, evaluated indicators including reporting compliance, reported stock-out rates, and contraceptive performance. learn more The analysis was validated by reviewing supply chain and FP indicators, such as average monthly consumption, months of stock, and couple years of protection.

The cLMIS has resulted in improved distribution, early warning and accountability at the lowest tiers in the FP supply chain in the public sector. At the facility level, FP commodity availability increased from 40% in 2009 to 84% in 2018.

Contraceptive supply chain has seen significant growth over the past decade to meet expanding reproductive health evidence to inform strategic decisions; cLMIS is a prime contributor to improvements registered in FP stock availability at public sector facilities.
Contraceptive supply chain has seen significant growth over the past decade to meet expanding reproductive health evidence to inform strategic decisions; cLMIS is a prime contributor to improvements registered in FP stock availability at public sector facilities.
Under-5 mortality remains high in developing nations despite decades of multilateral cooperation to reduce it. Diarrhoea contributes up to 15% of all mortality in this age group. Frequently reported barriers include poor hygiene, lack of sanitation facilities, and negligible public health education on the issue. Interventions such as Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) could complement modern public health approaches with renewed vigour in wake of SARS-CoV-II (COVID-19).

We sought to assess maternal hand hygiene and ability to prepare oral rehydration solution at home.

In addition to the ability to prepare oral rehydration solution at home, this cross-sectional study, carried out at the Sughra Shafi Medical Complex, Narowal during 2017, compared knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of mothers of children with diarrhoea to those shoes children did not have diarrhoea.

511 (48%) children < 5 years were diagnosed with diarrhoea irrespective of household location. Among 1065 accompanying mothers recruited for this study, only 130 (12%) were able to prepare ORS at home and 288 (27%) qualified as regular hand-washers according to the criteria. Just over half of the respondents consumed untreated water supplied via a nearby canal. Almost 80% of neighbourhoods lacked waste collection.

These findings informed management of frequent child diarrhoea cases presented at the hospital with locally relevant preventive knowledge. They are also expected to be useful in educating mothers on regular handwashing and the preparation of ORS as home-based interventions.
These findings informed management of frequent child diarrhoea cases presented at the hospital with locally relevant preventive knowledge. They are also expected to be useful in educating mothers on regular handwashing and the preparation of ORS as home-based interventions.
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