Notes

Nociception induces a new differential presynaptic modulation of the synaptic effectiveness involving nociceptive as well as proprioceptive mutual afferents.
Lemna gibba is a species of duckweed showing great potential in bioenergy production and wastewater treatment. However, the relevant transcriptomic and genomic resources are very limited for this species, which dramatically hinders its genetic diversity and genome mapping researches. In this work, ~ 233.5 million clean reads were generated from L. gibba by Illumina paired-end sequencing, and subsequently they were de novo assembled into 131,870 unigenes, of which 61,622 were annotated and 43,319 were expressed with Fragments Per Kilobase of transcript per Million fragments mapped (FPKM) > 5. In total, 19,297 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified from 15,261 SSR-containing unigenes. Dinucleotide (78.4%) were the most abundant SSRs, followed by tri- (14.9%), tetra- (4.1%), and penta-nucleotides (1.5%). The top three motifs were AG/CT (69.9%), AC/GT (6.5%), and ATC/ATG (4.9%). Further analysis revealed that the presence of SSR motif was independent of the expression level for a given gene. Based on the sequence of these SSR-containing unigenes, a total of 10,292 SSR markers were developed, of which only 2671 were further retained after removing those derived from unannotated or extra-low expressed (e.g., FPKM ≤ 5) unigenes. Finally, a subset of 70 SSR markers was randomly selected and examined in nine diverse L. gibba genotypes for the PCR amplification and polymorphism, as well as in other duckweed species for the inter-specifically amplifiability. This work is the first report on the transcriptome-based large-scale SSR markers development and analysis in L. gibba. The transcriptome generated and the SSR markers developed in this work will provide a valuable resource for genetic diversity assessment in L. gibba and also for species relationship investigation in Lemnaceae family. © Prof. H.S. Srivastava Foundation for Science and Society 2019.Investigation of genetic diversity is essential for the selection of parents for crop breeding and conservation of genetic resources. To estimate the genetic variability and population structure in the midst of 45 accessions of sponge gourd brought together from different geographical areas of India, morphological traits and two molecular markers, ISSR and SCoT markers were compared. Principal components analysis of 20 morphological traits showed 72.70% variability and significant positive correlations between fruit traits. All three marker techniques clustered all accessions into two groups with few outgroups. High level of polymorphism was observed among ISSR (74.6%) and SCoT (71.5%) primers. The Bayesian model revealed the hidden grouping and showed admixture type of population. The diversity pattern is influenced by genetic marker used, as different molecular markers have different polymorphism evaluation efficiency. This study can be helpful in amplifying the genetic base and selection of specific traits for breeding. Thus, ISSR and SCoT markers are potential marker for identification in sponge gourd and provide valuable data on its genetic correlation and structure. © Prof. H.S. Srivastava Foundation for Science and Society 2019.Mango (Mangifera indica) is one of the most important tropical fruits in the world. Twenty-two genotypes of native mangoes from different regions of southern Iran (Hormozgan and Kerman) were collected and analyzed for the ribosomal genes. GC content was found to be 55.5%. Fu and Li's D* test statistic (0.437), Fu and Li's F* test statistic (0.500) and Tajima's D (1.801) were positive and nonsignificant. A total of 769 positions were identified (319 with insertion or deletion including 250 polymorphic and 69 monomorphic loci; 450 loci without any insertion or deletion including 35 Singletons and 22 haplotypes). Nucleotide diversity of 0.309 and a high genetic differentiation including Chi square of 79.8; P value of 0.3605 and df value of 76 was observed among mango genotypes studied. The numerical value of the ratio dN/dS (0.45) indicated a pure selection in the examined gene and the absence of any key changes. Cluster analysis differentiated the mango used in this research (M. indica L.) into two genotypes but could not differentiate their geographical locations. The results of this study indicated that a high genetic distance exists between HajiGholam (Manojan) and Arbabi (Rodan) genotypes and showed higher genetic diversity in mango of Rodan region. Results of present study suggested that for successful breeding, the genotypes of Rodan region mango especially Arbabi mango can be used as a gene donor and ITS can be a suitable tool for genetic evaluations of inter and intra species. © Prof. H.S. Srivastava Foundation for Science and Society 2019.Rose (Rosa × hybrid L.) is one of the most important commercial ornamental crops cultivated worldwide for its beauty, fragrance and nutraceutical values. Characterization of rose germplasm provides precise information about the extent of diversity present among the cultivars. ML792 clinical trial It also helps in cultivar identification, intellectual property right protection, variety improvement and genetic diversity conservation. In the present study, 109 Indian bred rose cultivars were characterized using 59 morphological and 48 SSR markers. Out of 48 SSRs used, 31 markers exhibited polymorphism and 96 alleles were identified with an average of 3.9 alleles per locus. Nei's expected heterozygosity value of each locus ranged from 0.08 (with SSR ABRII/RPU32) to 0.78 (SSR Rh58). The similarity coefficient values ranged from 0.42 to 0.90 which indicated presence of moderated diversity among Indian cultivars. The neighbor-joining tree based on morphological data grouped the cultivars into two major clusters and several minor clusters based on their morphological resemblance. However, UPGMA dendrogram constructed using matching coefficient values grouped the cultivars into eight different clusters. Interpopulation analysis revealed higher genetic similarities between Hybrid Tea and Floribunda cultivars. An analysis for presence of population sub-structure grouped the Indian cultivars into eight different genetic groups. Analysis of molecular variance revealed apportioning of 97.59% of the variation to within subgroup diversity and 3.07% to between the cultivar groups. We have demonstrated here successful utilization of robust SSR to distinguish cultivars and assess genetic diversity among Indian bred rose cultivars. The information provided here is useful for cultivar identification and protection, cultivar improvement and genetic diversity conservation. © Prof. H.S. Srivastava Foundation for Science and Society 2019.
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