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Discovery of Antioxidant Peptides from Amphibians: A Review.
Our results will provide applicable markers for molecular marker-assisted breeding and help to clarify the mechanisms of salt-alkali adaptation of P. trituberculatus.Objective We aimed to study the expressions of miR-103a-3p and TRIM66 in prostate cancer (PCa) cells, explore the direct target genes of miR-103a-3p, and analyze the effects of miR-103a-3p targeted regulation of the TRIM66 axis on docetaxel (DTX) resistance and glycolysis of PCa cells. Methods Human normal prostate cells and PCa cells were used to detect the expressions of miR-103a-3p and TRIM66 and analyze their relationship. DTX-resistant (DR) PCa cells were established and transfected with miR-103a-3p and TRIM66 plasmids. The MTT assay, the plate cloning assay, the wound healing assay, and the Transwell assay were used to detect cell viability, colony formation, cell migration, and cell invasion, respectively. Cell glycolysis was analyzed using a cell glycolysis kit. Results The expression of miR-103a-3p was low and that of TRIM66 was high in PCa cells. MiR-103a-3p had a binding site with TRIM66, and the double luciferase report confirmed that they had a targeting relationship. Compared with the PCa group cells, the DTX-resistant group cells showed increased resistance to DTX. The resistance index was 13.33, and the doubling time of the DTX-resistant group cells was significantly longer than that of the PCa group cells. The DTX-resistant group showed more obvious low expression of miR-103a-3p and high expression of TRIM66. After the DTX-resistant group cells were transfected with miR-103a-3p and TRIM66 plasmids, the expression of miR-103a-3p increased significantly and that of TRIM66 decreased significantly. Upregulation of miR-103a-3p and interference with TRIM66 can inhibit the proliferation, metastasis, and glycolysis of DTX-resistant cells. Conclusion The expression of miR-103a-3p was downregulated and that of TRIM66 was upregulated in the malignant progression of PCa, especially during DTX resistance. Upregulation of miR-103a-3p and interference with TRIM66 can inhibit DTX resistance and glycolysis of PCa cells. Targeting TRIM66 may provide potential application value in molecular therapy for PCa.Background The causal relationship between physical activity (PA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains uncertain. We aimed to assess the causal effect of PA on SLE by two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study. Methods Summary statistics of SLE were obtained from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of European descent, including 4,036 cases and 6,959 controls. Genetic instruments for PA, including MVPA, VPA, SSOE, and average acceleration, were identified from a large-scale GWAS meta-analysis among 377,234 individuals of European ancestry from United Kingdom biobank and Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, and another GWAS with 91,105 European participants was employed for sedentary behavior. The two-sample MR study was conducted to estimate causal relationship between PA and SLE, with the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, simple- and weighted-median method. Moreover, MR-Egger regression, MR-PRESSO and leave-one-out analysis were performed to evaluate the potential pleiotropy effect. Results In the end, we totally selected 37 SNPs (15 SNPs for MVPA, 5 SNPs for VPA, 9 SNPs for SSOE, 5 SNPs for average acceleration and 3 SNPs for sedentary behavior). According to the IVW results, as the primary method, we found that genetically predicted PA was not causally associated with risk of SLE (MVPA OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.09-2.10, p = 0.305; VPA OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.00-18.97, p = 0.490; SSOE OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.03-29.24, p = 0.983; average acceleration OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.79-1.05, p = 0.190; sedentary behavior OR 1.54, 95% CI 0.35-6.81, p = 0.572). MR-Egger, MR-PRESSO, and leave-one-out analysis did not indicate horizontal pleiotropy. Conclusions Our MR study suggested that genetically predicted PA was not causally associated with SLE among the European populations.Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important enzyme that serves as the first line of defense in the plant antioxidant system and removes reactive oxygen species (ROS) under adverse conditions. The SOD protein family is widely distributed in the plant kingdom and plays a significant role in plant growth and development. However, the comprehensive analysis of the SOD gene family has not been conducted in Cucurbitaceae. Subsequently, 43 SOD genes were identified from Cucurbitaceae species [Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), Cucurbita pepo (zucchini), Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd), Cucumis melo (melon)]. According to evolutionary analysis, SOD genes were divided into eight subfamilies (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII). The gene structure analysis exhibited that the SOD gene family had comparatively preserved exon/intron assembly and motif as well. Phylogenetic and structural analysis revealed the functional divergence of Cucurbitaceae SOD gene family. Furthermore, microRNAs 6 miRNAs were predicted targeting 3 LsiSOD genes. Gene ontology annotation outcomes confirm the role of LsiSODs under different stress stimuli, cellular oxidant detoxification processes, metal ion binding activities, SOD activity, and different cellular components. Promoter regions of the SOD family revealed that most cis-elements were involved in plant development, stress response, and plant hormones. Evaluation of the gene expression showed that most SOD genes were expressed in different tissues (root, flower, fruit, stem, and leaf). Finally, the expression profiles of eight LsiSOD genes analyzed by qRT-PCR suggested that these genetic reserves responded to drought, saline, heat, and cold stress. These findings laid the foundation for further study of the role of the SOD gene family in Cucurbitaceae. Also, they provided the potential for its use in the genetic improvement of Cucurbitaceae.The exploration of multiple birth-related genes has always been a significant focus in sheep breeding. This study aimed to find more genes and proteins related to the litter size in sheep. Ovarian specimens of Small Tail Han sheep (multiple births) and Xinji Fine Wool sheep (singleton) were collected during the natural estrus cycle. Transcriptome and proteome of ovarian specimens were analyzed. The transcriptome results showed that "steroid hormone biosynthesis" and "ovarian steroidogenesis" were significantly enriched, in which HSD17B1 played an important role. The proteome data also confirmed that the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were enriched in the ovarian steroidogenesis pathway, and the CYP17A1 was the candidate DEP. Furthermore, lncRNA MSTRG.28645 was highly expressed in Small Tailed Han sheep but lowly expressed in Xinji fine wool sheep. In addition, MSTRG.28645, a hub gene in the co-expression network between mRNAs and lncRNAs, was selected as one of the candidate genes for subsequent verification. Expectedly, the overexpression and interference of HSD17B1 and MSTRG.28645 showed a significant effect on hormone secretion in granulosa cells. Therefore, this study confirmed that HSD17B1 and MSTRG.28645 might be potential genes related to the fecundity of sheep. It was concluded that both HSD17B1 and MSTRG.28645 were critical regulators in the secretion of hormones that affect the fecundity of the sheep.The European Beech is the dominant climax tree in most regions of Central Europe and valued for its ecological versatility and hardwood timber. Even though a draft genome has been published recently, higher resolution is required for studying aspects of genome architecture and recombination. Here, we present a chromosome-level assembly of the more than 300 year-old reference individual, Bhaga, from the Kellerwald-Edersee National Park (Germany). Its nuclear genome of 541 Mb was resolved into 12 chromosomes varying in length between 28 and 73 Mb. Multiple nuclear insertions of parts of the chloroplast genome were observed, with one region on chromosome 11 spanning more than 2 Mb which fragments up to 54,784 bp long and covering the whole chloroplast genome were inserted randomly. Unlike in Arabidopsis thaliana, ribosomal cistrons are present in Fagus sylvatica only in four major regions, in line with FISH studies. On most assembled chromosomes, telomeric repeats were found at both ends, while centromeric repeats were found to be scattered throughout the genome apart from their main occurrence per chromosome. The genome-wide distribution of SNPs was evaluated using a second individual from Jamy Nature Reserve (Poland). SNPs, repeat elements and duplicated genes were unevenly distributed in the genomes, with one major anomaly on chromosome 4. The genome presented here adds to the available highly resolved plant genomes and we hope it will serve as a valuable basis for future research on genome architecture and for understanding the past and future of European Beech populations in a changing climate.[This corrects the article DOI 10.3389/fpls.2021.796181.].Soft rot Pectobacteriaceae (SRP), typical of Pectobacterium and Dickeya, are a class of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens that cause devastating diseases on a wide range of crops and ornamental plants worldwide. Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-cell communication mechanism regulating the expression of specific genes by releasing QS signal molecules associated with cell density, in most cases, involving in the vital process of virulence and infection. In recent years, several types of QS systems have been uncovered in Dickeya pathogens to control diverse biological behaviors, especially bacterial pathogenicity and transkingdom interactions. This review depicts an integral QS regulation network of Dickeya, elaborates in detail the regulation of specific QS system on different biological functions of the pathogens and hosts, aiming at providing a systematic overview of Dickeya pathogenicity and interactions with hosts, and, finally, expects the future prospective of effectively controlling the bacterial soft rot disease caused by Dickeya by quenching the key QS signal.Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation is an important epigenetic mark involved in diverse biological processes. Here, we report the critical function of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Domains Rearranged Methyltransferase7 (SlDRM7) in plant growth and development, especially in leaf interveinal chlorosis and senescence. Using a hairpin RNA-mediated RNA interference (RNAi), we generated SlDRM7-RNAi lines and observed pleiotropic developmental defects including small and interveinal chlorosis leaves. Combined analyses of whole genome bisulfite sequence (WGBS) and RNA-seq revealed that silencing of SlDRM7 caused alterations in both methylation levels and transcript levels of 289 genes, which are involved in chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesis, and starch degradation. Furthermore, the photosynthetic capacity decreased in SlDRM7-RNAi lines, consistent with the reduced chlorophyll content and repression of genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, photosystem, and photosynthesis. In contrast, starch granules were highly accumulated in chloroplasts of SlDRM7-RNAi lines and associated with lowered expression of genes in the starch degradation pathway. In addition, SlDRM7 was activated by aging- and dark-induced senescence. see more Collectively, these results demonstrate that SlDRM7 acts as an epi-regulator to modulate the expression of genes related to starch and chlorophyll metabolism, thereby affecting leaf chlorosis and senescence in tomatoes.
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