Notes

Quelling lossy-film-induced angular mismatches involving reflectance as well as transmittance extrema: perfect eye types of interlayers as well as AR layer for maximum transmittance directly into energetic tiers of CIGS solar cells: erratum.
The floc structure was examined and documented using light microscopy. At salt concentrations below 1 g/L, increased respiration was found for autotrophic biomass, and between 1 and 3 g NaCl/L respiration was inhibited by up to 30%.Most cold-climate biological nutrient removal facilities experience poor settling mixed liquor during winter, resulting in treatment capacity throughput limitations. The Metro Wastewater Reclamation District in Denver, Colorado, operated two full-scale secondary treatment trains to compare the existing biological nutrient removal configuration (Control) to one that was modified to operate with an anaerobic selector and with hydrocyclone selective wasting (Test) to induce granulation. Results from this evaluation showed that the Test achieved significantly better settling behaviour than the Control. The difference in the mean diluted SVI30 between the Test and Control were statistically significant (P less then 0.05), with values of 77 ± 17 and 135 ± 25 mL/g observed for the Test and Control respectively. These settling results were accompanied by differences in the particle size distribution, with notably higher settling velocities commensurate with increasing particle size. The degree of granulation observed in the Test train was between 32 and 56% of the mass greater than ≥250 μm in particle size whereas 16% of the mixed liquor in the Control was ≥250 μm over the entire study period. The improved settling behaviour of the Test configuration may translate into an increase of secondary treatment capacity during winter by 32%.This paper describes the commissioning of the new water line (NWL) of the Central wastewater treatment plant in Prague and also the gradual reduction of the existing water line (EWL) loading. Concerning the NWL, the gradual start-up of the process without inoculation will be described. As to the EWL, the presentation describes the adaptation of the EWL operation to the relatively quick reduction of loading to approximately 35%.The uncertainty associated with the determination of load parameters, which is a key step in the design of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), was investigated on the basis of data sets from 58 WWTPs. A further analysed aspect was the organic load variations associated with variable sewage temperatures. Data from 26 WWTPs with a high inflow sampling frequency was used to simulate scenarios to investigate the effect of lower sampling frequencies through a Monte Carlo approach. The calculation of 85-percentile values for chemical oxygen demand (COD) loadings based on only 26 samples per year is associated with a variability of up to ±18%. Approximately 90 samples per year will be necessary to reduce this uncertainty for estimation of COD loadings below 10%. Hence, a low sampling frequency can potentially lead to under- or overestimation of design parameters. Through an analogous approach, it was possible to identify uncertainties of ±11% in COD loading when weekly average data was used with four samples per week. Finally, a tendency to lower COD input loads with increasing temperatures was identified, with a reduction of about 1% of the average loading per degree Celsius.The paper summarizes the development in the understanding and practical application of the activated sludge process over the last 50 years. Since its invention, the activated sludge process has been a big challenge to design engineers. Traditionally, the technology was covered by sanitary engineers. However, with the development in the understanding of activated sludge process principles, further progress was not possible without knowledge of reaction kinetics and reactor theory. The shift from BOD removal only to combined removal of organic pollution, nitrogen and phosphorus required a chemical engineering approach with outputs of activated sludge microbiology and microbial ecology. Molecular biology enabled more accurate identification of important activated sludge microorganisms. The development in activated sludge process also required more efficient activated sludge separation and thickening. The paper describes the development from secondary clarifiers to membrane separation. Increasing water stress around the globe has also changed the main wastewater paradigm from wastewater treatment and safe discharge to safe reuse.Large wastewater treatment plants (>50,000 population equivalents) treat more than 80% of the wastewater treated on a global scale, today it might be even >90%. They therefore provide the most relevant contribution to water protection from urban and industrial wastewater. This was already the case in 1971 when academics realised that progress in the scientific community alone will not succeed in a rapid transfer of research results to practitioners in design and operation of these plants. At the same time, it was recognised that urgent problems in practice are not recognised early enough by the globally networking scientific community. The most effective means of solving these problems was the creation of a new forum where experts from both sides meet. Scientists normally create their special conferences and workshops to enhance global co-operation in their specific field of research and development. This is reflected in the existence of many IWA Specialist Groups (SG) with global representation. The IWA Large Wastewater Treatment Plants (LWWTP) events and the formation of the LWWTP Specialist Group have been the first to take care of a complex technology for water protection, where specialists from most other SGs can meet and discuss together with the practitioners designing and operating treatment plants. In fact, many new Specialist Groups had their origin in the workshop series starting in 1971 in Vienna, taking care of many specific problems reported from practice. The managers and chief operators of large plants, usually only served by meetings of national professional associations, got a new opportunity for global exchange of knowledge and experience together with the global network of scientists and researchers.
Several articles have been published on impact COVID-19 infection about reduction of surgical activity. We have focused on the differences between our surgical activity in an Emergency General Surgery department in "Cardarelli" Hospital in Naples.

This retrospective study compared the patients treated from March 9, 2020 to April 27, 2020 (Italian lockdown time) and the patients treated in the same period of 2019. We recruited 75 patients in Group A (2020) and 165 patients in Group B (2019).

There was a reduction in hospitalizations for non-trauma disease (69 in group A and 122 in group B with p 0.001), a reduction in transfers from other hospitals (2 patients in group A and 17 in group B with p. Selleck BTK inhibitor 0.04) and a reduction in hospitalizations for trauma disease (6 in group A and 43 in group B with p 0.001). The severity of the disease in 2020 was greater than in the same period in 2019 and there was a higher rate of high-grade complications CONCLUSION From data analysis, we conclude that there has been a reduction in hospitalizations and surgical interventions in our emergency surgery department. The patients, however, had a much more severe disease that resulted in a greater number of complications in the peri and post-operative time.

COVID-19, Lockdown, Emergency Surgery, Severity of disease.
COVID-19, Lockdown, Emergency Surgery, Severity of disease.Thyroid cytopathology, a dynamic discipline, is a crucial prerequisite diagnostic modality of the thy roid nodules after an interventional procedure, fine-needle aspiration (FNA), distinguish ing benign from malignant thyroid lesions with high sensitivity and specificity, 65-8% (mean, 83%), 72-100% (mean, 92%), respectively.
Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) represents a rare cause of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). In this paper, among patients who underwent surgery for PHPT, we compared those with benign parathyroid disease with those affected by PC in terms of demographic and preoperative biochemical features. Moreover, we singularly described all 10 cases of PC treated at our Institution (including a case that occurred in a patient with tertiary hyperparathyroidism) and a brief review of the literature.

Patients undergoing surgery for PHPT in our Unit between 2003 and 2018 were retrospectively analysed. They were divided into two groups Group A (benign parathyroid disease), Group B (PC). The case of PC that occurred in the patient with tertiary hyperparathyroidism was not included into the two groups.

Three hundred and eight patients were included 299 in Group A and 9 in Group B. The mean preoperative serum PTH value and mean preoperative serum calcium level were significantly higher in Group B than in Group A (P = 0.018, P = 0.027; respectively). Including the case of PC that occurred in the patient with tertiary hyperparathyroidism, 10 patients with PC were treated at our Institution. Among these, 3 underwent a re-exploration. Disease recurrence occurred in 1 (10%) patient, who developed a local recurrence and distant metastases.

In the presence of PHPT characterized by particularly high preoperative levels of serum PTH and calcium this malignancy should be suspected. On the basis of our experience, we believe that extensive surgery is not always necessary.

Hyperparathyroidism, Parathyroid carcinoma, Parathyroid surgery.
Hyperparathyroidism, Parathyroid carcinoma, Parathyroid surgery.
In this study, we aimed to determine the relationship between HALP score and postoperative complications (According to Clavien-Dindo classification 3 and above), in patients with colo-rectal cancer who underwent curative surgical resection and to determine its clinical value in predicting prognosis.

279 patients who underwent curative surgery for colorectal cancer between 2015-2018 were included in the study. The HALP value was calculated by dividing the product of hemoglobin (g/L), albumin (g/L), lymphocytes (/ L) by the number of platelets (/ L). In order to generate a cut off value for the HALP value, ROC analysis and ROC curve were created. The patients were divided into two groups according to survival, and cut off value was found by ROC analysis Group 1 (Low HALP) and Group 2 (High HALP). Demographic, clinical characteristics, intraoperative , postoperative results and mean survival were compared between the groups.

The patients were divided into two groups according to cut off value of 15.73. Group 1 consisted of 113 patients; Group 2 consisted of 166 patients. Average age was similar in the groups (62vs61, p0.480). Patients in Group 1 received more neoadjuvant therapy (31%vs21%, p0.064). CEA levels were higher in Group 1 (7.6vs4.3 p0.034). Mucinous adenocarcinoma histological type was more common in Group 1 (24%vs13% ,p0.040). Pathological grade poorly differentiated was more common in Group 1 (27%vs13%). Postoperative outcomes was similar to groups We found the HALP score as a risk factor for survival in multivariate analysis (HR=0.8552 95% (CI0.6575-1.1125, p0.007). If the HALP value is below 15.73, it is assumed that the average survival is 28 months with 45.4% sensitivity and 66.938% specificity.

Our results showed that the HALP score is closely related to clinic pathological features and is an independent prognostic factor for survival. Its value in estimating mean survival is limited.

Colorectal cancer, HALP score, Immunity, Nutrition.
Colorectal cancer, HALP score, Immunity, Nutrition.
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