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Societal concerns about air quality in East Asia are still growing despite country-level efforts to reduce air pollution emissions. In coping with this growing concern, the government and the public demand a longer‑lead forecast of air quality to ensure sufficient response time until society prepares for countermeasures such as a temporary reduction of specific emission sources. Here we propose a novel method that produces skillful seasonal forecasting of wintertime (December to February) PM10 concentration over South Korea. The method is based on the idea that climate condition and air quality have co-variability in the seasonal time scales and that the state-of-art seasonal prediction model will benefit air quality forecasting. More specifically, a linear regression model is constructed to link observed winter PM10 concentration and climate variables where the predicted climate variables were furnished from NCEP CFSv2 forecast initialized during autumn. In this case, climate variables were selected as predictors of the model because they are not only physically related to air quality but also 'predictable' in CFS hindcast. Through analysis of retrospective forecasts of 20 winters for the period 2001-2020, we found this model shows statistically significant skill for the seasonal forecast of wintertime PM10 concentration.With the warming of the high-latitude regional climate, melting of permafrost, and acceleration of hydrological cycles, the Arctic Ocean (AO) has undergone a series of rapid changes in the past decades. As a dominant optical component of the AO, the variations in chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) concentration affect the physiological state marine organisms. In this study, machine learning retrieval model based on in situ data and mixture density network (MDN) was developed. Compared to other models, MDN model performed better on test data (R2 = 0.83, and root mean squared error = 0.22 m-1) and was applied to Sentinel-3 OLCI data. Afterward, the spatiotemporal distribution of CDOM during the ice-free (June-September) from 2016 to 2020 in the Beaufort Sea was obtained. CDOM concentration generally exhibited an upward trend. The maximum monthly average CDOM concentration appeared in June and gradually decreased thereafter, reaching its lowest value in September of each year. The maximum value appeared in June 2020 (0.91 m-1), and the minimum value was observed in September 2017 (0.81 m-1). The CDOM concentration nearshore was higher than that in other areas; and gradually decreased from offshore to the open sea. CDOM was highly correlated with salinity (R2 = 0.49) and discharge (R2 = 0.53), and the tight correlation between salinity and CDOM further suggested that terrestrial inputs were the main source of CDOM in the Beaufort Sea. However, sea level pressure contributed to the spatial variations in CDOM. When southerly wind prevailed and wind direction was aligned with the CDOM diffusion direction, the wind accelerated the diffusion of CDOM into the open sea. Meanwhile, seawater was diluted by the sea ice melting, resulting in decrease in CDOM concentration. Herein, this paper proposed a robust and near real-time method for CDOM monitoring and influence factor analysis, which would promote the understanding of AO CDOM budgets.With the strict regulation of brominated flame retardants, organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been extensively used as replacements. Increasing concerns on OPEs have aroused due to their extensive distribution in the environment and humans, as well as their potential toxicities. Recent studies have demonstrated that some organophosphate di-esters are even more toxic than their respective tri-esters. This review summarized the current state of knowledge on the analytical methodologies (including sample collection and preparation, instrumental analysis, and the feasibility of each potential human matrix), as well as the occurrences of OPEs and/or their metabolites (m-OPEs) in various human matrices. Organophosphate esters are readily metabolized in human thus only limited studies reported their occurrences in blood and breast milk, whereas abundant studies are available regarding the occurrences of m-OPEs rather than OPEs in urine. Since none of the matrix is suitable all the time, appropriate matrix should be selected depending on the aims of biomonitoring studies, e.g., high throughput screening or body burden estimation. Biomonitoring with non-invasive matrices such as hair and/or nail is useful to screen specific populations that might be under high exposure risks while urine is more suitable to provide valuable information on body burden. In terms of urinary monitoring, specific biomarkers have been identified for some OPE compounds, including tri(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, tri(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and tri(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate. Further studies are required to identify suitable urinary biomarkers for other OPE compounds, especially the emerging ones.Woodchip bioreactor (WBR) is one of the green infrastructures in the agriculture system to reduce nitrate from agricultural drainage and stormwater. A lot of abiotic factors have been reported that affect nitrate removal lacking a comprehensive understanding. In this study, we studied eight important abiotic factors, including media age, hydraulic retention time (HRT), influent nitrate concentration (Cin), temperature, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and effective porosity (ρe) of WBR-filling materials. Based on a database that included 10,179 sets of data from 63 peer-reviewed articles, the nitrate removal rate (NRR) and nitrate removal efficiency (NRE) corresponding to the eight abiotic factors by different categories were comprehensively reported. see more According to this database, this study found the optimal range of abiotic factors for NRR and NRE in WBR were different. Regarding NRR, the optimal range of media age, HRT, Cin, temperature, effluent DOC, DO, pH, and ρe were in the first year, 0-5 h, 10-20 mg L-1, 20-25 °C, 0-5 mg L-1, 0-0.5 mg L-1, 7-8, and 0.6-0.7, respectively. For NRE, the optimal range of media age, HRT, Cin, temperature, effluent DOC, DO, pH, and ρe were in the first year, 500-3000 h, 0-10 mg L-1, 10-15 °C, >50 mg L-1, 0-0.5 mg L-1, 4-5, and 0.4-0.5, respectively. Moreover, the principal component analysis (PCA) indicated the field studies' principal components were different from laboratory studies. Furthermore, the structural equation modeling (SEM) also revealed the causal relationship of the eight abiotic factors on NRR and NRE is totally different. Lessons from this study can be incorporated into DNBR designs, especially improving nitrate removal rates by optimizing different abiotic factors. It also provides insights regarding the contributions of different abiotic factors for NRR and NRE independently and comprehensively.Eutrophication continues to be a concerning global water quality issue. Managing and mitigating harmful algal blooms demands clear information on the conditions promoting large phosphorus losses from contributing watersheds. Of particular concern is the amount and form of phosphorus loading to receiving water bodies during extreme runoff events, which are expected to increase in frequency due to climate change. Five years (2015 to 2020) of water quantity and quality data from 11 agricultural watersheds in the lower Great Lakes basin were analyzed and used to model total and dissolved phosphorus losses. This study aimed to assess temporal dynamics in phosphorus concentrations and losses over runoff events covering a wide range of hydrologic conditions and to quantify their relative importance on annual phosphorus losses. Event concentration-discharge relationships for total and dissolved phosphorus were hysteretic and had contrasting dominant patterns across watersheds. The proportion of annual phosphorus losses during events was highly variable between watersheds, accounting for 47-94 %. Extreme events were particularly impactful as few as three events per year were found to be responsible for nearly half of total phosphorus (20-50 %) and total dissolved phosphorus (14-44 %) losses. Variability in total and dissolved phosphorus losses and concentrations over a wide range of flow conditions suggests that event magnitude is an important control on the relative mobility of particulate and dissolved phosphorus fractions. This study showed that insights into nutrient dynamics and phosphorus budgets in the lower Great Lakes basin and agriculture dominated environments more broadly can be gained by assessing event nutrient losses with respect to flow conditions and patterns in concentration-discharge relationships.In this study, a FeCl3-assisted hydrothermal treatment (HTT) process under mild conditions (90 °C-130 °C) was developed for deep dewatering of anaerobically digested sludge. HTT of sludge at 90 °C-130 °C with 4%-6% Fe3+ ions loading based on total sludge solids followed by mechanical dewatering reduced sludge water content from 82% to 38%-53% and sludge weight by 62%-72%. The treatment increased the flowability of sludge through reduction of apparent viscosity and disintegration of colloidal forces between sludge particles. This study unveiled that FeCl3-assisted HTT process had three mechanisms for improving sludge dewaterability and flowability. The treatment hydrolysed sludge flocs in the presence of Lewis acid FeCl3 and high temperature (90-130 °C). Fe3+ ions also improved dewaterability through the formation of double electric layers and neutralisation of surface negative charges, leading to flocculation of sludge flocs. More importantly, the hydrolysed sludge components produced during HTT process acted as reducing agents and led to in-situ generation of iron oxyhydroxide nanoparticles through reduction-oxidation reactions, further enhancing flocculation/co-precipitation of sludge flocs. The treatment reduced EPS content and changed conformational structures of EPS proteins by breaking down hydrogen bond-maintaining α-helix which led to a loose EPS protein structure and enhanced hydrophobicity and flocculability. Furthermore, the FeCl3-assisted treatment promoted immobilisation of the majority of heavy metals in the sludge matrix through co-precipitation/complexation reactions with iron species and organic/inorganic matters. This indicates that the FeCl3-assisted treatment reduced direct toxicity/bioavailability of the majority of heavy metals and the treated sludge may be suitable for land application. Overall, this study provides new insights into mechanism of FeCl3-assisted HTT process for dewaterability of anaerobically digested sludge and immobilisation of heavy metals.To explore the impact of open straw burning on air quality in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and surrounding areas, three key cities in the YRD, namely Hefei, Nanjing, and Shanghai, were selected to observe changes in aerosol characteristics. Based on Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations from May to June 2021, the spatial-temporal distribution and potential sources of aerosol were studied. During the observation period, aerosol optical depth (AOD) in Shanghai was 55.15 % and 29.50 % higher than that in Hefei and Nanjing, respectively. For Shanghai, aerosols accumulated at night, and the aerosol extinction could reach 1.3 km-1 in the morning. The aerosol variations in Hefei and Nanjing were consistent due to the relative conformity of the surrounding environmental conditions (R = 0.84). The vertical distribution of aerosol in all three cities had the same Gaussian shape. The aerosol lifted layers in Nanjing and Shanghai were higher than that in Hefei, with heights of 0.
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